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Biology > Gene Expression Word Stimulants > Flashcards

Gene Expression Word Stimulants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene mutation

A

Sequence of bases incorrectly copied during DNA replication

Spontaneously in DNA replication

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2
Q

Insertion

A

Bases added

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3
Q

Deletion

A

Bases lost

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4
Q

Duplicated

A

Bases repeated

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5
Q

Invertion

A

Turned around

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6
Q

Substitution

A

Copied wrongly

Nucleotides replace each other

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7
Q

Translocation

A

Bases separated

Inserted into different chromosome

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8
Q

Point mutation

A

Single base pair involved

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9
Q

Frame shift

A

Amino acid sequence changed downstream of point mutation
Significantly effects structure/function of polypeptide
Deletion
Insertion

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10
Q

Silent mutation

A

Degenerate nature of genetic code
Amino acids have 1+ codons
While polypeptide not changed
Substitution

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11
Q

Mutagen

A

Increased mutation rate
Environmental factor
Ionising radiator (strips electrons from atoms in DNA molecule)
Chemicals (Alkylation agents - transfer methyl/ethyl group to dna molecules)

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12
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells giving rise to al cell types

Zygote-cells of first few motorists divisions

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13
Q

Pluripotent

A

Totipotent descendent

Produce most but not all cells of organism

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14
Q

Multipotent

A

Adult stem cells

Differentiate into limited number of cells

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15
Q

Unipotent

A

Adult
Differentiate into single type of cell
Derived from multipotent

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16
Q

Differentiate

A

Only some genes expressed - synthesise into different polypeptides (type of cell); determines development pattern
Specialised cell types - enable particular function

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17
Q

Stem cells

A

Differentiate into different cell types

Divide continually by mitosis > new generations of cells

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18
Q

Stem cell therapy

A

Pluripotent stem cells
Transplanted
Tissue damaged beyond self repair

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19
Q

Embryonic stem cell issues

A

Ethical

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20
Q

Oestrogen properties

A

Steroid hormone
Lipid soluble - pass across phospholipid bi layer of target cells
Not transcriptional factor itself

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21
Q

Oestrogen > complex

A

Binds to cells with protein receptor
Oestrogen-receptor complex (cytoplasm > nucleus)
Complex binds to specific chromosomal protein DNA sequence

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22
Q

Oestrogen transcription

A

mRNA transcribed (nucleus > cytoplasm)
Binds to ribosome
Translated to polypeptide
Alters function of target cell (new synthased polypeptide chain)

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23
Q

siRNA structure

A

Small interfering RNA
Short double stranded RNA
20 nucleotides long

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24
Q

siRNA purpose

A

Small interfering RNA
Help regulate which DNA is active / how active
Causes RNA interference - prevents mRNA translation (silences)

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25
Q

Artificial siRNA

A

Complementary to mRNA of genes
Silence specific genes
Stop tumour - Oncogene stopped - slow mitosis rate

26
Q

Gene silencing

A

siRNA + different protein > RNA induced silencing complex
RISC scans mRNA content
siRNA unwinds - guide strand combines with complementary DNA - mRNA breaks (catalysed)
Prevents translation

27
Q

Epigenetic

A

Study of inherited variations in phenotypes
Result of alterations in gene expression caused by environmental factors
Doesn’t change DNA sequence
Genome and associated epigenome inherited

28
Q

Markers

A

Atom groups - bind to DNA and associated histones
Directly/indirectly modifies DNA activity
Inherited by offspring (alterations in gene expression)

29
Q

Epigenome

A

Formed from markers
Directly / indirectly modified DNA activity
Reset - reproduction but markers&histones could be inherited

30
Q

Epigenome changes

A

Gene expression altered
Lifestyle
Environmental factors

31
Q

Methylation

A

Transfer of methyl groups to DNA
Increase - inhibits gene transcription
Directly modified activity

32
Q

Methylation - Directly modifies activity

A 
condense DNA (histone combinations- transcription factors can’t access DNA) 
Stopping transcription factors from binding to DNA
33
Q

Methylated gene Promotor

A

Process stimulated by gene expression promoted

34
Q

Methylated gene Suppressor

A

Process inhibited by gene expression is inhibited

35
Q

Aceylation

A

Transfer of acetyl groups of histones

Indirectly modified DNA activity

36
Q

Acetylation - indirectly modified DNA activity

A

Alters degree of attraction (decreases)
Negatively charged phosphate group
Positively charged histone

37
Q

Increase of Acetylation

A

Gene switched on
Decrease attraction
DNA more accessible to transcription factors

38
Q

Decrease of acetylation

A

Gene switched off
Deacetylation
Increases attraction (increased positive charge of histones)
DNA less accessible to transcription factors

39
Q

Epigenetic therapy

A

Target cancer cells

40
Q

Diagnostic test

A

Identify level of DNA methylation and acetylarion

41
Q

Carinogens

A

Mutations causing cancer

Mutations in gene controlling cell division

42
Q

Cancer tumour

A

Cell division out of control

43
Q

Benign tumour

A 
Does not spread
Slower growth
Capsule
No vessel invasion
No necrosis
Intact skin surface
44
Q

Malignant tumour

A 
Spreads - metastasis
Faster growth
No capsule
Vessel invasion
Necrosis (death of most/all cells)
Uleration of skin
45
Q

Protoncogenes

A

Encode transcription factors

Stimulate normal cell division

47
Q

Tumour suppressor genes - normal

A

Encode transcription factors (inhibit cell division)
Attach cells together - anchor in proper place
Repair damaged DNA before replication

48
Q

Tumour suppressor genes - mutated

A

I activated

Cells proliferate

49
Q

Methylation

A

Cytosine accepts methyl group (guanine catalysed)
CGCG vulnerable
Inhibits transcription - prevents transcription factors binding , attract proteins that prevent DNA unwinding from histones (deaceylation), transcription factors not able to access DNA
Activated oncogenes (over express transcription factors)

50
Q

Hyper methylation

A

Increased methylation
Promotor revisions of tumour suppressor genes - genes inactivated , transcription inhibited
Transcriptional factors switched off - silenced , cell division increased

51
Q

Oestrogen levels/great cancer

A

Increase post menopause- produced by breast fat cells
Increase causes increased cancer risk
Tumour increases/produces oestrogen (more cancer cells)
Produced by white blood cells responding to non-self antigens on tumour cells

52
Q

Genome

A

All DNA in cells of organism

53
Q

Genomics

A

Studying genomes
Determine sequence of bases of whole genomes
Identifying genes and locating on chromosomes or

54
Q

Bioinformatics

A

Interpret genome info

Maths and super computers

55
Q

Bioinformatics discover

A

Which genes express which proteins
Interactions between genes (epistasis)
Interactions between genes and environment (epigenetics)

56
Q

Benefits of bioinformatics

A

Drugs tailored to individual DNA (pharmagenomics, reduced adverse reactions)
Treatments specific to genome of different cancer types
Increase food available (crops/livestock breeding)
Better understanding of fundamental principles of biology

57
Q

Proteome

A

All proteins expressed by genome
Transcriptional factors
Enzymes
Structural proteins

58
Q

Proteomics

A

Study of protein structure

Study role of proteins in molecular biology

59
Q

Determine proteome

A

Human proteome project
Bacteria - straight forward (no introns), plasmid DNA
Eukaryotic- histones (DNA bound proteins); mostly introns , difficult to determine expressed

60
Q

Chain termination

A

Method used to determine bad sequence

Short strand of DNA

61
Q

Shot gun sequencing

A 
Combined with chain termination
Longer DNA strand sequencing
DNA fragmented (restriction enzymes)
Sequenced to get reads
Repeated to obtain overlapping reads
62
Q

Next generation sequencing

A

+shotgun + chain termination

More efficient - millions of reads a day

63
Q

Oncogenes

A

Mutated protoncogenes
Increased production/activity of transcription factors
Over stimulated cell division
Cell proliferate

Biology (25 decks)

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