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Gene Expression Word Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Gene mutation

A

Sequence of bases incorrectly copied during DNA replication

Spontaneously in DNA replication

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2
Q

Insertion

A

Bases added

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3
Q

Deletion

A

Bases lost

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4
Q

Duplicated

A

Bases repeated

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5
Q

Invertion

A

Turned around

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6
Q

Substitution

A

Copied wrongly

Nucleotides replace each other

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7
Q

Translocation

A

Bases separated

Inserted into different chromosome

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8
Q

Point mutation

A

Single base pair involved

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9
Q

Frame shift

A

Amino acid sequence changed downstream of point mutation
Significantly effects structure/function of polypeptide
Deletion
Insertion

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10
Q

Silent mutation

A

Degenerate nature of genetic code
Amino acids have 1+ codons
While polypeptide not changed
Substitution

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11
Q

Mutagen

A

Increased mutation rate
Environmental factor
Ionising radiator (strips electrons from atoms in DNA molecule)
Chemicals (Alkylation agents - transfer methyl/ethyl group to dna molecules)

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12
Q

Totipotent

A

Cells giving rise to al cell types

Zygote-cells of first few motorists divisions

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13
Q

Pluripotent

A

Totipotent descendent

Produce most but not all cells of organism

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14
Q

Multipotent

A

Adult stem cells

Differentiate into limited number of cells

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15
Q

Unipotent

A

Adult
Differentiate into single type of cell
Derived from multipotent

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16
Q

Differentiate

A

Only some genes expressed - synthesise into different polypeptides (type of cell); determines development pattern
Specialised cell types - enable particular function

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17
Q

Stem cells

A

Differentiate into different cell types

Divide continually by mitosis > new generations of cells

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18
Q

Stem cell therapy

A

Pluripotent stem cells
Transplanted
Tissue damaged beyond self repair

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19
Q

Embryonic stem cell issues

A

Ethical

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20
Q

Oestrogen properties

A

Steroid hormone
Lipid soluble - pass across phospholipid bi layer of target cells
Not transcriptional factor itself

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21
Q

Oestrogen > complex

A

Binds to cells with protein receptor
Oestrogen-receptor complex (cytoplasm > nucleus)
Complex binds to specific chromosomal protein DNA sequence

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22
Q

Oestrogen transcription

A

mRNA transcribed (nucleus > cytoplasm)
Binds to ribosome
Translated to polypeptide
Alters function of target cell (new synthased polypeptide chain)

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23
Q

siRNA structure

A

Small interfering RNA
Short double stranded RNA
20 nucleotides long

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24
Q

siRNA purpose

A

Small interfering RNA
Help regulate which DNA is active / how active
Causes RNA interference - prevents mRNA translation (silences)

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25
Artificial siRNA
Complementary to mRNA of genes Silence specific genes Stop tumour - Oncogene stopped - slow mitosis rate
26
Gene silencing
siRNA + different protein > RNA induced silencing complex RISC scans mRNA content siRNA unwinds - guide strand combines with complementary DNA - mRNA breaks (catalysed) Prevents translation
27
Epigenetic
Study of inherited variations in phenotypes Result of alterations in gene expression caused by environmental factors Doesn’t change DNA sequence Genome and associated epigenome inherited
28
Markers
Atom groups - bind to DNA and associated histones Directly/indirectly modifies DNA activity Inherited by offspring (alterations in gene expression)
29
Epigenome
Formed from markers Directly / indirectly modified DNA activity Reset - reproduction but markers&histones could be inherited
30
Epigenome changes
Gene expression altered Lifestyle Environmental factors
31
Methylation
Transfer of methyl groups to DNA Increase - inhibits gene transcription Directly modified activity
32
Methylation - Directly modifies activity
``` condense DNA (histone combinations- transcription factors can’t access DNA) Stopping transcription factors from binding to DNA ```
33
Methylated gene Promotor
Process stimulated by gene expression promoted
34
Methylated gene Suppressor
Process inhibited by gene expression is inhibited
35
Aceylation
Transfer of acetyl groups of histones | Indirectly modified DNA activity
36
Acetylation - indirectly modified DNA activity
Alters degree of attraction (decreases) Negatively charged phosphate group Positively charged histone
37
Increase of Acetylation
Gene switched on Decrease attraction DNA more accessible to transcription factors
38
Decrease of acetylation
Gene switched off Deacetylation Increases attraction (increased positive charge of histones) DNA less accessible to transcription factors
39
Epigenetic therapy
Target cancer cells
40
Diagnostic test
Identify level of DNA methylation and acetylarion
41
Carinogens
Mutations causing cancer | Mutations in gene controlling cell division
42
Cancer tumour
Cell division out of control
43
Benign tumour
``` Does not spread Slower growth Capsule No vessel invasion No necrosis Intact skin surface ```
44
Malignant tumour
``` Spreads - metastasis Faster growth No capsule Vessel invasion Necrosis (death of most/all cells) Uleration of skin ```
45
Protoncogenes
Encode transcription factors | Stimulate normal cell division
47
Tumour suppressor genes - normal
Encode transcription factors (inhibit cell division) Attach cells together - anchor in proper place Repair damaged DNA before replication
48
Tumour suppressor genes - mutated
I activated | Cells proliferate
49
Methylation
Cytosine accepts methyl group (guanine catalysed) CGCG vulnerable Inhibits transcription - prevents transcription factors binding , attract proteins that prevent DNA unwinding from histones (deaceylation), transcription factors not able to access DNA Activated oncogenes (over express transcription factors)
50
Hyper methylation
Increased methylation Promotor revisions of tumour suppressor genes - genes inactivated , transcription inhibited Transcriptional factors switched off - silenced , cell division increased
51
Oestrogen levels/great cancer
Increase post menopause- produced by breast fat cells Increase causes increased cancer risk Tumour increases/produces oestrogen (more cancer cells) Produced by white blood cells responding to non-self antigens on tumour cells
52
Genome
All DNA in cells of organism
53
Genomics
Studying genomes Determine sequence of bases of whole genomes Identifying genes and locating on chromosomes or
54
Bioinformatics
Interpret genome info | Maths and super computers
55
Bioinformatics discover
Which genes express which proteins Interactions between genes (epistasis) Interactions between genes and environment (epigenetics)
56
Benefits of bioinformatics
Drugs tailored to individual DNA (pharmagenomics, reduced adverse reactions) Treatments specific to genome of different cancer types Increase food available (crops/livestock breeding) Better understanding of fundamental principles of biology
57
Proteome
All proteins expressed by genome Transcriptional factors Enzymes Structural proteins
58
Proteomics
Study of protein structure | Study role of proteins in molecular biology
59
Determine proteome
Human proteome project Bacteria - straight forward (no introns), plasmid DNA Eukaryotic- histones (DNA bound proteins); mostly introns , difficult to determine expressed
60
Chain termination
Method used to determine bad sequence | Short strand of DNA
61
Shot gun sequencing
``` Combined with chain termination Longer DNA strand sequencing DNA fragmented (restriction enzymes) Sequenced to get reads Repeated to obtain overlapping reads ```
62
Next generation sequencing
+shotgun + chain termination | More efficient - millions of reads a day
63
Oncogenes
Mutated protoncogenes Increased production/activity of transcription factors Over stimulated cell division Cell proliferate

Biology (25 decks)

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