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Biology > Nervous Coordination and Muscles Word Stimulants > Flashcards

Nervous Coordination and Muscles Word Stimulants Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous System

A

Nerve impulses
Effectors respond (muscles/glands)
Short lasting response (miliseconds)

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2
Q

Nerve impulses

A

Electrical
Neurones/nerve cells transmit
Info about stimulus to effectors

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3
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormones (chemicals)
Secreted by endocrine glands
Long lasting response
Target tissue (bind to hormone)

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4
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones into blood

Transport to target tissues

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5
Q

Sensory Neurones

A

Sensory neurone receptor cells > CNS

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6
Q

Sensory Neurones Structure

A

Nerve endings ; dendron ; nucleus ; cell body ; axon ; myelin sheath ; node of ranvier

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7
Q

Relay Neurone

A

link sensory and motor
Spinal Cord
Brain

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8
Q

Relay Neurone Structure

A

Dendrites ; dendron ; cell body ; nucleus ; axon

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9
Q

Motor Neurone

A

CNS > effector
Muscles - contract
Glands - secrete substances

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10
Q

Motor Neurone Structure

A

Dendrites ; cell body ; nucleus ; myelin sheath ; node of ranvier ; axon

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11
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Schwann cell
Layers of membrane
Fatty - insulates

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12
Q

Resting Potential

A

Inside of axon is negatively charged
Polarised
-65 mV

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13
Q

Resting Potential two steps

A

Sodium potassium pump

Diffusion

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14
Q

Resting Potential Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Protein channel
3 Na+ actively transported OUT (more Na+ in tissue fluid than cytoplasm)
2 K+ actively transported IN (more K+ in cytoplasm than tissue fluid)

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15
Q

Resting Potential Diffusion

A

Na + in (channels mostly closed)

K + out (channels mostly open - maintains -65mV)

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16
Q

Action Potential

A

Stimulus

Temporarily reversal of charges

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17
Q

Action Potential Step 1

A

Resting Potential
Some K+ voltage gated channels open
Na+ channels shut
-65mV

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18
Q

Action Potential Step 2

A

Voltage gated Na+ open - Na+ diffuse in (electrochemical gradient)
-50mV
Threshold - all or nothing

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19
Q

Threshold Value

A

All or nothing
Strong enough stimulus
-50mV

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20
Q

Action Potential Step 3

A

More Na+ open, more Na+ diffusion

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21
Q

Action Potential Step 4

A

+40mV
Deploarised
Na+ close
K+ open

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22
Q

Action Potential Step 5

A

K+ open, diffuse out

Repolarisation

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23
Q

Action Potential Step 6

A

Hyperpolarisation (K+ out)

-70mV

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24
Q

Action Potential Step 7

A

K+ channels shut
Repolarisation (resting potential)
-65mV re established
Na+K+ pump : Na+ out, K+ in

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25
Q

Passage of action potential

A

Wave transmitted along axon

Depolarised/repolarised

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26
Q

Passage of action potential Step 1

A

Na+K+ pump maintains resting potential

Action transport

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27
Q

Passage of action potential Step 2

A

Pump stops
Na+ diffuse in from outer surface into inner surface
Depolarises

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28
Q

Passage of action potential Step 3

A

Local circuits depolarise membrane ahead of action potential

Leading edge of action potential

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29
Q

Passage of action potential Step 4

A

K+ diffuse to outer membrane

Behind action potential repolarised

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30
Q

Passage of action potential Step 5

A

Na+K+ pump restores

Active transport

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31
Q

Myelation

A

Axons
Myelin Sheath (fatty component, insulates - electricity)
Node of Ranvier (Myelin broken, axon uncovered, action potential)

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32
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Action potential jumps node to node

Travels faster

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33
Q

Refractory period

A

Recovery
Inward movement of Na+ prevented - sodium channels closed
Removal of K+ from axon
Membrane behind action potential repolarised - Na+K+ pump

34
Q

Refractory period purposes

A

Determines action potential frequency
Separates action potentials
New action potentials cannot be made
Unidirection of action potential (determines direction - cannot travel oppositely)

35
Q

Factors affecting speed of conduction

A

Temperature
Axon diameter
Myelin Sheath

36
Q

Temperature - Conduction speed

A

Increase in temp
Increases rate of diffusion
Increases recovery speed

37
Q

Axon diameter - Conduction speed

A

thicker
less ion leakage
greater speed

38
Q

Myelin Sheath - Conduction speed

A

speeds up
Action potential at nodes of Ranvier (jumps)
Shortens Action potential conduction distance and time

39
Q

Pre synaptic structure

A 
Axon
Synpatic knob
Pre synaptic membrane
Calcium channels
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
mitochondria
Synaptic vessels
40
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Acetyl chloride - neurotransmitter substance

41
Q

Post synaptic Structure

A

Post synaptic membrane

Sodium channels

42
Q

Threshold

A

Reached when sufficient depolarisation occurs in post synaptic neurone
Influx of more Na+ > action potential
Build up of neurotransmitter

43
Q

Inhibitory Synapse

A

Respond to neurotransmitter
Does not promote inflow of Na+ into post synaptic neurone (depolarisation)
Does promote outflow of K+ (hyperpolarisation)
More difficult to reach threshold value
Action potential less likely

44
Q

Excitatory Synapse

A

Respond to neurotransmitter
Promote inflow of Na+ into post synaptic neurone (depolarisation)
Produce new action potentals
Excitatory Post synaptic Potenial (EPSP)

45
Q

Cholinergic Synapse

A

Inhibitory/excitatory
Action potential may be produced
Sensory/relay/motor
Depend on acetylcholine (bind to post receptors)

46
Q

Temporal summation

A

Additive effect of EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

Single pre synaptic neurone

47
Q

Spatical summation

A

Additive effect of EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potential)

Number of presynaptic neurones

48
Q

Transmission across synapse

Synaptic Knob

A

Action potential
Voltage dependent Ca2+ channels in pre synapttic nerve open
Ca2+ rapidly diffuse into synaptic knob
Synaptic vesicles fill with acetylcholine

49
Q

Transmission across synapse

Pre synaptic

A

Synaptic vesicles (acetylcholine)
> Presynaptic membrane
> Synaptic Cleft

50
Q

Transmission across synapse

Post synaptic

A 
Synaptic vesicles (acetylcholine)
> Bind to post synaptic cleft receptors
Na+ open
Na+ diffuse in
Depolarisation
Excitatory post synaptic potential
51
Q

Neuromuscular transmitter

A

Motor Neurones > effector / muscles
Excitatory
Acetylcholine binds to muscle fibre recpetors
Action potential ends

52
Q

Cholinesterase

A

Post synaptic

Hydrolyses acetylcholine > acetic acid + choline

53
Q

End of action potential

A

Acetylcholine passes back to presynaptic knob
Acetylcholine re synthesised into synaptic vesicles
Ca2+ actively transported out of pre synaptic
Reestablished concentration gradient

54
Q

Agonist Drugs

A

Generate action potential

Stimulants

55
Q

Antagonist drugs

A

Block action potentials
Bind receptors
Tranquillisers

56
Q

Myofibril

A

Threads

Alternating bands - dark/light

57
Q

Muscle break down

A

Myofibril > fibre > bundle > muscle

58
Q

Actin

A

Thinner

Two twisted strands

59
Q

Myosin

A

Thicker
Long, rod shaped tails
Bulbous heads - right angles

60
Q

Myofibril structure

A

A band, I band, H zone, Z line

61
Q

A band

A

Very dark
Thin actin filaments
Thick myosin filament
Overlap

62
Q

I band

A

Light

Only thin actin filaments

63
Q

H zone

A

Light
Only myosin
Middle of A band

64
Q

Z lines

A

Sacromere (line > line)

Centre of I band

65
Q

Antagonistic pairs

A

Opposite effects of muscles (one flex/one extended)

Against in compressible skeleton

66
Q

Slow Twitch Fibres

A

Contract slowly
Less powerful
Endurance / long time (marathon)
Aerobic respiration (lots of mitochondria and blood vessels)
Red colouration (lots of myoglobin - store O2)
Eg Calf - stand up

67
Q

Fast Twitch Fibres

A

Contract fast
Powerful
Short time (Lactate > fatigue; sprinters)
Anaerobic respiration (few mitochondria; high enzyme conc)
White colouration (low myoglobin content)
Eg bicep

68
Q

Sacromere lengthh

A 
Long = relaxed
Short = contracted
69
Q

Contraction - Actin and Myosin filaments

A

Same Length

Slide past one another

70
Q

Contraction - A band

A

Same length

71
Q

Contraction - I band

A

Shorter length

72
Q

Contraction - Z line

A

Shorter length

73
Q

Contraction - H zone

A

Shorter length

74
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Protein
Covers myosin binding site on actin (no stimulus)
Bound to actin
Stimulated by Ca2+ = moves

75
Q

Troponin

A

Binds to tropomyosin

Binds to Ca2+

76
Q

ATPase

A

Bound to ADP + Pi (relaxed)
In myosin head
Catalyses ATP > ADP + Pi
Releases energy

77
Q

ATPase energy use

A

transport Ca2+ into endoplasmic reticulum

release myosin from actin

78
Q

Depolarisation

A

Ca2+ in endoplasmic reticulum is released > binds to troponin (alters tertiary structure) > moves away from myosin binding site

79
Q

Actinmyosin cross bridge

A

ADP + Pi binds to myosin head - replaced by ATP

Myosin head tilts/bends - pulls actin over myosin ; Power stroke

80
Q

Power stroke

A

Releases energy

Myosin released from actin - back to original position

81
Q

Pulling muscle

A

Cycle repeats
Forms further along and release
Actinomyosin crossbridges

Biology (25 decks)

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