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Biology > Nervous Coordination and Muscles Word Stimulants > Flashcards

Nervous Coordination and Muscles Word Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous System

A

Nerve impulses
Effectors respond (muscles/glands)
Short lasting response (miliseconds)

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2
Q

Nerve impulses

A

Electrical
Neurones/nerve cells transmit
Info about stimulus to effectors

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3
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hormones (chemicals)
Secreted by endocrine glands
Long lasting response
Target tissue (bind to hormone)

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4
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones into blood

Transport to target tissues

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5
Q

Sensory Neurones

A

Sensory neurone receptor cells > CNS

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6
Q

Sensory Neurones Structure

A

Nerve endings ; dendron ; nucleus ; cell body ; axon ; myelin sheath ; node of ranvier

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7
Q

Relay Neurone

A

link sensory and motor
Spinal Cord
Brain

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8
Q

Relay Neurone Structure

A

Dendrites ; dendron ; cell body ; nucleus ; axon

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9
Q

Motor Neurone

A

CNS > effector
Muscles - contract
Glands - secrete substances

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10
Q

Motor Neurone Structure

A

Dendrites ; cell body ; nucleus ; myelin sheath ; node of ranvier ; axon

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11
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Schwann cell
Layers of membrane
Fatty - insulates

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12
Q

Resting Potential

A

Inside of axon is negatively charged
Polarised
-65 mV

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13
Q

Resting Potential two steps

A

Sodium potassium pump

Diffusion

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14
Q

Resting Potential Sodium Potassium Pump

A

Protein channel
3 Na+ actively transported OUT (more Na+ in tissue fluid than cytoplasm)
2 K+ actively transported IN (more K+ in cytoplasm than tissue fluid)

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15
Q

Resting Potential Diffusion

A

Na + in (channels mostly closed)

K + out (channels mostly open - maintains -65mV)

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16
Q

Action Potential

A

Stimulus

Temporarily reversal of charges

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17
Q

Action Potential Step 1

A

Resting Potential
Some K+ voltage gated channels open
Na+ channels shut
-65mV

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18
Q

Action Potential Step 2

A

Voltage gated Na+ open - Na+ diffuse in (electrochemical gradient)
-50mV
Threshold - all or nothing

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19
Q

Threshold Value

A

All or nothing
Strong enough stimulus
-50mV

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20
Q

Action Potential Step 3

A

More Na+ open, more Na+ diffusion

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21
Q

Action Potential Step 4

A

+40mV
Deploarised
Na+ close
K+ open

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22
Q

Action Potential Step 5

A

K+ open, diffuse out

Repolarisation

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23
Q

Action Potential Step 6

A

Hyperpolarisation (K+ out)

-70mV

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24
Q

Action Potential Step 7

A

K+ channels shut
Repolarisation (resting potential)
-65mV re established
Na+K+ pump : Na+ out, K+ in

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25
Passage of action potential
Wave transmitted along axon | Depolarised/repolarised
26
Passage of action potential Step 1
Na+K+ pump maintains resting potential | Action transport
27
Passage of action potential Step 2
Pump stops Na+ diffuse in from outer surface into inner surface Depolarises
28
Passage of action potential Step 3
Local circuits depolarise membrane ahead of action potential | Leading edge of action potential
29
Passage of action potential Step 4
K+ diffuse to outer membrane | Behind action potential repolarised
30
Passage of action potential Step 5
Na+K+ pump restores | Active transport
31
Myelation
Axons Myelin Sheath (fatty component, insulates - electricity) Node of Ranvier (Myelin broken, axon uncovered, action potential)
32
Saltatory Conduction
Action potential jumps node to node | Travels faster
33
Refractory period
Recovery Inward movement of Na+ prevented - sodium channels closed Removal of K+ from axon Membrane behind action potential repolarised - Na+K+ pump
34
Refractory period purposes
Determines action potential frequency Separates action potentials New action potentials cannot be made Unidirection of action potential (determines direction - cannot travel oppositely)
35
Factors affecting speed of conduction
Temperature Axon diameter Myelin Sheath
36
Temperature - Conduction speed
Increase in temp Increases rate of diffusion Increases recovery speed
37
Axon diameter - Conduction speed
thicker less ion leakage greater speed
38
Myelin Sheath - Conduction speed
speeds up Action potential at nodes of Ranvier (jumps) Shortens Action potential conduction distance and time
39
Pre synaptic structure
``` Axon Synpatic knob Pre synaptic membrane Calcium channels Smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria Synaptic vessels ```
40
Synaptic cleft
Acetyl chloride - neurotransmitter substance
41
Post synaptic Structure
Post synaptic membrane | Sodium channels
42
Threshold
Reached when sufficient depolarisation occurs in post synaptic neurone Influx of more Na+ > action potential Build up of neurotransmitter
43
Inhibitory Synapse
Respond to neurotransmitter Does not promote inflow of Na+ into post synaptic neurone (depolarisation) Does promote outflow of K+ (hyperpolarisation) More difficult to reach threshold value Action potential less likely
44
Excitatory Synapse
Respond to neurotransmitter Promote inflow of Na+ into post synaptic neurone (depolarisation) Produce new action potentals Excitatory Post synaptic Potenial (EPSP)
45
Cholinergic Synapse
Inhibitory/excitatory Action potential may be produced Sensory/relay/motor Depend on acetylcholine (bind to post receptors)
46
Temporal summation
Additive effect of EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potential) | Single pre synaptic neurone
47
Spatical summation
Additive effect of EPSPs (excitatory postsynaptic potential) | Number of presynaptic neurones
48
Transmission across synapse | Synaptic Knob
Action potential Voltage dependent Ca2+ channels in pre synapttic nerve open Ca2+ rapidly diffuse into synaptic knob Synaptic vesicles fill with acetylcholine
49
Transmission across synapse | Pre synaptic
Synaptic vesicles (acetylcholine) > Presynaptic membrane > Synaptic Cleft
50
Transmission across synapse | Post synaptic
``` Synaptic vesicles (acetylcholine) > Bind to post synaptic cleft receptors Na+ open Na+ diffuse in Depolarisation Excitatory post synaptic potential ```
51
Neuromuscular transmitter
Motor Neurones > effector / muscles Excitatory Acetylcholine binds to muscle fibre recpetors Action potential ends
52
Cholinesterase
Post synaptic | Hydrolyses acetylcholine > acetic acid + choline
53
End of action potential
Acetylcholine passes back to presynaptic knob Acetylcholine re synthesised into synaptic vesicles Ca2+ actively transported out of pre synaptic Reestablished concentration gradient
54
Agonist Drugs
Generate action potential | Stimulants
55
Antagonist drugs
Block action potentials Bind receptors Tranquillisers
56
Myofibril
Threads | Alternating bands - dark/light
57
Muscle break down
Myofibril > fibre > bundle > muscle
58
Actin
Thinner | Two twisted strands
59
Myosin
Thicker Long, rod shaped tails Bulbous heads - right angles
60
Myofibril structure
A band, I band, H zone, Z line
61
A band
Very dark Thin actin filaments Thick myosin filament Overlap
62
I band
Light | Only thin actin filaments
63
H zone
Light Only myosin Middle of A band
64
Z lines
Sacromere (line > line) | Centre of I band
65
Antagonistic pairs
Opposite effects of muscles (one flex/one extended) | Against in compressible skeleton
66
Slow Twitch Fibres
Contract slowly Less powerful Endurance / long time (marathon) Aerobic respiration (lots of mitochondria and blood vessels) Red colouration (lots of myoglobin - store O2) Eg Calf - stand up
67
Fast Twitch Fibres
Contract fast Powerful Short time (Lactate > fatigue; sprinters) Anaerobic respiration (few mitochondria; high enzyme conc) White colouration (low myoglobin content) Eg bicep
68
Sacromere lengthh
``` Long = relaxed Short = contracted ```
69
Contraction - Actin and Myosin filaments
Same Length | Slide past one another
70
Contraction - A band
Same length
71
Contraction - I band
Shorter length
72
Contraction - Z line
Shorter length
73
Contraction - H zone
Shorter length
74
Tropomyosin
Protein Covers myosin binding site on actin (no stimulus) Bound to actin Stimulated by Ca2+ = moves
75
Troponin
Binds to tropomyosin | Binds to Ca2+
76
ATPase
Bound to ADP + Pi (relaxed) In myosin head Catalyses ATP > ADP + Pi Releases energy
77
ATPase energy use
transport Ca2+ into endoplasmic reticulum | release myosin from actin
78
Depolarisation
Ca2+ in endoplasmic reticulum is released > binds to troponin (alters tertiary structure) > moves away from myosin binding site
79
Actinmyosin cross bridge
ADP + Pi binds to myosin head - replaced by ATP | Myosin head tilts/bends - pulls actin over myosin ; Power stroke
80
Power stroke
Releases energy | Myosin released from actin - back to original position
81
Pulling muscle
Cycle repeats Forms further along and release Actinomyosin crossbridges

Biology (25 decks)

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