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Inherited Change Word Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

Way individual inherit characteristics from parents

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2
Q

Monohybrid inheritance

A

One characteristic passed from parents

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3
Q

Dihybrid inheritance

A

Two different characteristics pass independently to offspring

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4
Q

Pure breeding

A

Characteristics unchanged generation to generation

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5
Q

Parental generation (P)

A

Pure breeding individuals producing offspring

Filial generations

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6
Q

First filial generation (F1)

A

Pure breed parents

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7
Q

Second filial generation (F2)

A

Cross breeding parents of F1

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8
Q

Punnett Square

A

Cross between parents

Mother Aa x Father Aa

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9
Q

Gene

A

Length of DNA encoding the whole or part of a protein

Expressed - protein produced from translation/transcription

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10
Q

Allele

A

One form of gene

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11
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome

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12
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Pair of alleles of a gene occupying the same locus

Might encode for part or whole protein

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13
Q

Homozygote

A

Individual pair of alleles coding for same protein

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14
Q

Heterozygote

A

Pair of different alleles coding for different proteins

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15
Q

Dominant

A

Expressed by heteozygote

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16
Q

Recessive

A

Allele partner dominant

Not expressed

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17
Q

Codominance

A

Contrasting parental alleles expressed equally in phenotype

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18
Q

Linkage

A

Alleles occupying different loci on same chromosome
Pass to offspring together
Closer the loci = more likely to occur

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19
Q

Sex Linkage

A

Alleles carried on sex chromosomes

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20
Q

Test cross

A

Known homozygeous recessive breeds with unknown genotype

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21
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic make up / genes of an individual

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22
Q

Phenotype

A

Outward appearance
Characteristics of cells
Genotype extresses characteristics

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23
Q

Monohybrid inheritance F2 ratio

A

3:1

Larger sample = closer to 3:1

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24
Q

Monohybrid inheritance cross

A

Two pure breeding individuals showing a pair of contrasting characteristics crossed
Eg TT x tt
Characteristics separate om definite proportions in F2

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25
Parental Gamete
One of alleles
26
Genetic ratios
Show relative size of separate groups | Smallest/largest
27
Random fusion between gametes of parents
More gametes that fuse = less likely that randomness will effect 50:50 outcome of heterozygote/homozygote (25dominant:25recessive) combinations of alles
28
Dihybrid Inheritance F2 ratio
9:3:3:1
29
Law of independent segregation
Characteristics pass independently of one another Either one of characteristics combine with either of other characteristic alleles Each inherited like monohybrid (3:1)^2
30
Dihybrid inheritance eg
Height | Seed colour
31
Dihybrid cross F2
TYTytYty x TYTytYty
32
Codominance example
Cattle red/white coat | Roan (light red) coat
33
Codominance genotypes/gametes
C^R C^R | C^W C^W
34
Multiple Alleles
More than two alleles encode characteristic | Inherits two alleles from available
35
Multiple Allele example
Blood groups O (recessive) A, B Codominance
36
Polymorphism
multiple alleles combine | AB blood group
37
Autosomes
22 out of 23 chromosomes Similar size/shape Genes/alleles determine phenotype
38
Sex chromosome
23rd chromosome pair | X / Y
39
X chromosome
Larger | Carries other genes (not sex determining but sex linked)
40
Y chromosome
Smaller | Little space for non sex determining genes
41
Female
XX Same sex chromsome Homogeneous/heterogeneous for sex linked characteristics (not expressed or carriers)
42
Male
XY Different chromosomes Sperm contains X or Y - equal no of each at meiosis; determines gender X linked gene expressed in phenotype
43
Homogametic
Same sex chromosome | XX
44
Heterogametic
Different chromosomes | XY
45
Sex linkage cross/square
X^H X^H | X^h Y
46
Sex linkage example
Haemoglobin Women - uneffected/carriers Male - uneffected/haemoglobin
47
Drosophilia
Autosomal linkage Genetic experiments Small fruit fly
48
Autosomal linkage
Genes inherited together Autosomes not sex chromosomes Form a linkage group
49
Autosomal linkage ratio
9:3:3:1 Not linked alleles Different chromosomes
50
Failed law of segregation
Autosomal linkage | Failed to segregate independently during meiosis (inherited together, located on same chromosome)
51
More linkage
Nearer jeans on chromosomes
52
Crossing over in meiosis - autosomal linkage
Broken linkage More likely of distance on chromosome is greater Not always inherited together
53
Human autosomal linkage
Hair, eye, skin colour
54
Linkage group
3:1 Little/no segregation Alleles on same chromosome
55
Epistasis
Interaction where expression of alleles of one gene masks the expression of alleles in others in a network
56
Network
Genes working together | Interact
57
Epistasis ratio
Different ratio to 9:3:3:1
58
Epistasis recessive
Two copies of epistasis allele required to mask expression
59
Epistasis recessive ratio
9:3:4
60
Epistasis dominant
1 copy of epistasis allele required to mask expression
61
Epistasis dominant ratio
12:3:1
62
Epistasis Complementary
Effect of 1 gene combines with another gene - at least one dominant
63
Epistasis complementary ratio
9:7
64
Epistasis example
Gene A = agouti A, black a Gene B = colour present B, albino b Gene B effects expression of gene A bb blocks any A expression (albino)
65
Chi Squared (X)^2 equation
(X)^2 = sum of : (O-E)^2 / E
66
Chi Squared purpose
Judge between observed and expected | If significant
67
Expected
Row total x corresponding column/total no of observation | Based off cross ration (3:1)
68
Null hypothesis
No significant difference between observed and expected Accepted (no significant difference) Rejected (significant difference)
69
Confidence
95% confidence 0.05 Real not due to chance Critical value - probability table
70
Significant difference
More than critical value
71
Degrees of freedom
Number of categories - 1 | eg 2-1 = 1
72
Chi Squared Table
O // E // (O-E) // (O-E)^2 // (O-E)^2/E

Biology (25 decks)

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