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Biology > Inherited Change Word Stimulants > Flashcards

Inherited Change Word Stimulants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

Way individual inherit characteristics from parents

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2
Q

Monohybrid inheritance

A

One characteristic passed from parents

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3
Q

Dihybrid inheritance

A

Two different characteristics pass independently to offspring

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4
Q

Pure breeding

A

Characteristics unchanged generation to generation

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5
Q

Parental generation (P)

A

Pure breeding individuals producing offspring

Filial generations

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6
Q

First filial generation (F1)

A

Pure breed parents

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7
Q

Second filial generation (F2)

A

Cross breeding parents of F1

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8
Q

Punnett Square

A

Cross between parents

Mother Aa x Father Aa

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9
Q

Gene

A

Length of DNA encoding the whole or part of a protein

Expressed - protein produced from translation/transcription

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10
Q

Allele

A

One form of gene

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11
Q

Locus

A

Position of a gene on a chromosome

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12
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

Pair of alleles of a gene occupying the same locus

Might encode for part or whole protein

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13
Q

Homozygote

A

Individual pair of alleles coding for same protein

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14
Q

Heterozygote

A

Pair of different alleles coding for different proteins

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15
Q

Dominant

A

Expressed by heteozygote

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16
Q

Recessive

A

Allele partner dominant

Not expressed

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17
Q

Codominance

A

Contrasting parental alleles expressed equally in phenotype

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18
Q

Linkage

A

Alleles occupying different loci on same chromosome
Pass to offspring together
Closer the loci = more likely to occur

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19
Q

Sex Linkage

A

Alleles carried on sex chromosomes

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20
Q

Test cross

A

Known homozygeous recessive breeds with unknown genotype

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21
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic make up / genes of an individual

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22
Q

Phenotype

A

Outward appearance
Characteristics of cells
Genotype extresses characteristics

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23
Q

Monohybrid inheritance F2 ratio

A

3:1

Larger sample = closer to 3:1

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24
Q

Monohybrid inheritance cross

A

Two pure breeding individuals showing a pair of contrasting characteristics crossed
Eg TT x tt
Characteristics separate om definite proportions in F2

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25
Q

Parental Gamete

A

One of alleles

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26
Q

Genetic ratios

A

Show relative size of separate groups

Smallest/largest

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27
Q

Random fusion between gametes of parents

A

More gametes that fuse = less likely that randomness will effect 50:50 outcome of heterozygote/homozygote (25dominant:25recessive) combinations of alles

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28
Q

Dihybrid Inheritance F2 ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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29
Q

Law of independent segregation

A

Characteristics pass independently of one another
Either one of characteristics combine with either of other characteristic alleles
Each inherited like monohybrid (3:1)^2

30
Q

Dihybrid inheritance eg

A

Height

Seed colour

31
Q

Dihybrid cross F2

A

TYTytYty x TYTytYty

32
Q

Codominance example

A

Cattle red/white coat

Roan (light red) coat

33
Q

Codominance genotypes/gametes

A

C^R C^R

C^W C^W

34
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

More than two alleles encode characteristic

Inherits two alleles from available

35
Q

Multiple Allele example

A

Blood groups
O (recessive)
A, B Codominance

36
Q

Polymorphism

A

multiple alleles combine

AB blood group

37
Q

Autosomes

A

22 out of 23 chromosomes
Similar size/shape
Genes/alleles determine phenotype

38
Q

Sex chromosome

A

23rd chromosome pair

X / Y

39
Q

X chromosome

A

Larger

Carries other genes (not sex determining but sex linked)

40
Q

Y chromosome

A

Smaller

Little space for non sex determining genes

41
Q

Female

A

XX
Same sex chromsome
Homogeneous/heterogeneous for sex linked characteristics (not expressed or carriers)

42
Q

Male

A

XY
Different chromosomes
Sperm contains X or Y - equal no of each at meiosis; determines gender
X linked gene expressed in phenotype

43
Q

Homogametic

A

Same sex chromosome

XX

44
Q

Heterogametic

A

Different chromosomes

XY

45
Q

Sex linkage cross/square

A

X^H X^H

X^h Y

46
Q

Sex linkage example

A

Haemoglobin
Women - uneffected/carriers
Male - uneffected/haemoglobin

47
Q

Drosophilia

A

Autosomal linkage
Genetic experiments
Small fruit fly

48
Q

Autosomal linkage

A

Genes inherited together
Autosomes not sex chromosomes
Form a linkage group

49
Q

Autosomal linkage ratio

A

9:3:3:1
Not linked alleles
Different chromosomes

50
Q

Failed law of segregation

A

Autosomal linkage

Failed to segregate independently during meiosis (inherited together, located on same chromosome)

51
Q

More linkage

A

Nearer jeans on chromosomes

52
Q

Crossing over in meiosis - autosomal linkage

A

Broken linkage
More likely of distance on chromosome is greater
Not always inherited together

53
Q

Human autosomal linkage

A

Hair, eye, skin colour

54
Q

Linkage group

A

3:1
Little/no segregation
Alleles on same chromosome

55
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction where expression of alleles of one gene masks the expression of alleles in others in a network

56
Q

Network

A

Genes working together

Interact

57
Q

Epistasis ratio

A

Different ratio to 9:3:3:1

58
Q

Epistasis recessive

A

Two copies of epistasis allele required to mask expression

59
Q

Epistasis recessive ratio

A

9:3:4

60
Q

Epistasis dominant

A

1 copy of epistasis allele required to mask expression

61
Q

Epistasis dominant ratio

A

12:3:1

62
Q

Epistasis Complementary

A

Effect of 1 gene combines with another gene - at least one dominant

63
Q

Epistasis complementary ratio

A

9:7

64
Q

Epistasis example

A

Gene A = agouti A, black a
Gene B = colour present B, albino b
Gene B effects expression of gene A
bb blocks any A expression (albino)

65
Q

Chi Squared (X)^2 equation

A

(X)^2 = sum of : (O-E)^2 / E

66
Q

Chi Squared purpose

A

Judge between observed and expected

If significant

67
Q

Expected

A

Row total x corresponding column/total no of observation

Based off cross ration (3:1)

68
Q

Null hypothesis

A

No significant difference between observed and expected
Accepted (no significant difference)
Rejected (significant difference)

69
Q

Confidence

A

95% confidence
0.05
Real not due to chance
Critical value - probability table

70
Q

Significant difference

A

More than critical value

71
Q

Degrees of freedom

A

Number of categories - 1

eg 2-1 = 1

72
Q

Chi Squared Table

A

O // E // (O-E) // (O-E)^2 // (O-E)^2/E

Biology (25 decks)

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