Energy and Ecosystems Word Stimulants

Question 1

Food chains/webs

Answer 1

Relationship between organisms in an ecosystem

Question 2

Food pyramids

Answer 2

Producers bottom, consumers top

Question 3

Trophic Levels

Answer 3

Decrease in energy transfer as increase

Foo chain length limited

Question 4

Producers

Answer 4

Plants
Unicellular
Algae
Use sunlight energy > photosynthesis
Store chemical energy in bonds of sugars

Question 5

Consumers

Answer 5

Animals, Decomposers
Feed on producers
Primary - herbivores
Secondary - carnivores
Tertiary - Saprobiants

Question 6

Decomposers

Answer 6

Tertiary consumers
Saprobiants
Fungi, Bacteria
Break down dead organisms (enzymes, products absorbed)

Question 7

Measuring biomass

Answer 7

Mass of carbon or dry mass in tissue
Given area
Given Time

Question 8

Bomb Calorimeter

Answer 8

Measure chemical store
Burnt in pure O2
Surrounded by h2o - change in temp > calculate energy released

Question 9

Efficiency of Energy Transfer

Answer 9

% efficiency = Energy available after transfer/energy available before x100

Question 10

Gross Primary Production (GPP)

Answer 10

Chemical energy

Store in plant biomass in given area at given time

Question 11

Net Primary Production (NPP) of producers

Answer 11

GPP - Respiration

Available for growth, reproduction and passed to consumers

Question 12

Net Primary Production (NPP) of consumers

Answer 12

Energy content in indigested food - (energy lost in faeces/urine + respiration)

Question 13

Nutrient Cycle

Answer 13

Nutrients recycled within natural ecosystems

Producers>Consumers>Saprobionts>Inorganic ions

Question 14

Mycorrhizae

Answer 14

Symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants
Mutualistic - both benefot
Fungi (increase SA, holds H2O and inorganic ions)
Plants (gives organic compounds)

Question 15

Nitrogen Cycle (Components)

Answer 15

Ammonium ions (NH4+) > Nitrite ions (NO2-) > Nitrate ions (NO3-) > Nitrogen gas > Ammonium containing molecules in producers (protein) > ‘’ consumers (protein, aa) > ‘’ decomposer sapribionts (protein).

Question 16

Nitrogen Cycle (Processes)

Answer 16

Nitrification>Nitrification>Denitrification>Nitrogen fixation>Absorption>Feeding/Digestion>Death/Excretion>Ammonification

Question 17

Nitrogen Cycle (Bacteria)

Answer 17

Nitrifying bacteria (aerobic) >Denirifying bacteria (anaerobic) > Nitrogen fixing bacteria (free living/mutualistic)

Question 18

Phosphorus

Answer 18

ATP

Nucleic acids

Question 19

Phosphorus Cycle (Components)

Answer 19

Dissolved phosphate ions in water and soil, Phosphates in rocks, Phosphate ions in wastes and remains (shells and bones); Phosphate ions in plants; Phosphate ions in animals

Question 20

Phosphorus Cycle (Processes)

Answer 20

Sedimentation, erosion (weathering) and fertilisers, Deposition, excretion / decomposition, absorption, feeding digestion

Question 21

Fertilisers

Answer 21

Add nutrients to soil
Replace nutrients removed from growth and harvesting
Macronutrients

Question 22

Nitrogen nutrients

Answer 22

Used in proteins and amino acids

Increases biomass

Question 23

Artificial fertilisers

Answer 23

Agrochemical industry
Spray/granules
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium (NPK)
Mined from rocks/deposits

Question 24

Natural Fertilisers

Answer 24

Manure, compost
Maintain soil structure
Fungi and Bacteria (decomposers) break down > soil > absorbed by crops

Question 25

Intensive farming

Answer 25

``` Farmers disturb ecosystems Increase productivity/energy transfer Maximise food Fertilisers Pasture grazing Simplify food webs - remove competition (weeds/insects) ```

Question 26

Intensive rearing

Answer 26

Feed more, confined space (restricted movement, no predators, warm)

Question 27

Leaching

Answer 27

NPK fertilisers soluble in H2O | Wash into water sources (already contains sewage)

Question 28

Eutophication

Answer 28

``` Algae bloom Sunlight blocked Plants die More saprobiants (aerobic O2 used up) Animals die Anaerobic bacteria decompose (O2 decreases) '' Population increase. Biodiverity decreases ```

Question 29

Indicator species

Answer 29

Identifies purid water