Cell Structure Word Stimulants Flashcards
Nucleus
Carries genetic material
Manufactures ribosomal RNA, mRNA, tRNA
Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromosome, nucleolus (mRNA)
Mitochondria
Cellular respiration / production of ATPs
DNA
Double membrane, matrix, Cristae
Cell membrane
Phospholipid bilayer
Controls what enters / exits
Embedded protein
Protect cell
Cell wall
Polysaccharides Middle lamella Mechanical strength H2O pass along Glycoproteins and cellulose
Ribosome 80S
Genetic replication
Reads mRNA>amino acids
Protein synthesis
Lysosomes
Contains enzymes (lysozyme) Hydrolyse material (dead cells) Release enzymes
Chloroplast
Plants Green pigment on leaves Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis Large surface area Chloroplast envelope , granum, thylakoids, chlorophyll , stories
Golgi apparatus
Cisternae , vesicles Protein + carbs > glycoproteins Secretes enzymes Lysosomes Store carbs + lipids
Vacuoles
Tonoplast (membrane) , solution
Temporary food store , pigments , support
Endoplasmic reticulum
3D sheet like membranes in cytoplasm and cisternae
Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
Synthesise, store and transport lipids / carbohydrates
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Large surface area - photosynthesis
Pathway for transporting material ribosomes
Cell speciation
Differentiated - specialised to function
Stem cells and embryonic cells undifferentiated
Tissues
Group of specialised cells Protection of internal organs Diffusion across cell surface membranes Absorption of material Secretion of substances onto surface of epithalium
Organs
Different tissues
Organ systems (respiratory , digestive , reproductive)
Skin, kidneys, liver
Prokaryotic cell membrane bound organelles
Cell wall Plasmids Circular DNA Capsule Flagella Ribosome 70S
Prokaryote Cell Wall
Murein
Glycoprotein
Circular DNA
Prokaryotes
Single
Free in cytoplasm
No associated proteins
Binary fission
Circular DNA replicated and plasmids
Cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells (contains copies of plasmid and circular DNA)
New cell walls
Viruses
Non living
Unicellular
Virus structure
Genetic material - DNA/RNA
Capsid - protein coat
Attachment protein
Virus replication
Living host cell to replicate
Attachment protein to cell surface membrane
Inject nucleic acid
Host cell genetic material
Cell cycle
Mitosis & cytokinesis
Growth 1
Synthesis 1
Growth 2
Inhibition or stimulate
After mitosis / cytokinesis
Growth 1
Growth
New organelles
Synthesis 1
DNA Synthesis
DNA Replication
Chromosomes double
Stop if not dividing properly
Growth 2
Growth and prep
Energy and stores
Duplicate organelles
Mitosis steps
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Interphase
Synthesising proteins
Chromosomes invisible
DNA replication
Prophase
Chromosomes visible
Nuclear enveloped disintegrated
Nucleolus disappears
Metaphase
Chromatids line up on equator
Spindle forms
Anaphase
Spindle fibres attach to centromere of chromatid contract
Pulled to polar
Telophase
Chromosome reach poles
Nuclear envelope and nucleus reforms
Spindle fibres disintegrate
Cytokinesis
2 identical daughter cells
Cancer and tumours
Uncontrolled
Suppressor genes - oncogenes
Cancer causes
Chemical - tobacco
Radioactive - X-rays , grammar rays
Cancer treatment
Surgery Chemotherapy - block DNA replication/metaphase Radiotherapy Immunotherapy Vaccines Gene therapy Monoclonal antibodies
