Cell Structure Word Stimulants

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

Carries genetic material
Manufactures ribosomal RNA, mRNA, tRNA
Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromosome, nucleolus (mRNA)

Question 2

Mitochondria

Answer 2

Cellular respiration / production of ATPs
DNA
Double membrane, matrix, Cristae

Question 3

Cell membrane

Answer 3

Phospholipid bilayer
Controls what enters / exits
Embedded protein
Protect cell

Question 4

Cell wall

Answer 4

Polysaccharides
Middle lamella 
Mechanical strength
H2O pass along
Glycoproteins and cellulose

Question 5

Ribosome 80S

Answer 5

Genetic replication
Reads mRNA>amino acids
Protein synthesis

Question 6

Lysosomes

Answer 6

Contains enzymes (lysozyme) 
Hydrolyse material (dead cells)
Release enzymes

Question 7

Chloroplast

Answer 7

Plants
Green pigment on leaves
Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
Large surface area
Chloroplast envelope , granum, thylakoids, chlorophyll , stories

Question 8

Golgi apparatus

Answer 8

Cisternae , vesicles 
Protein + carbs > glycoproteins
Secretes enzymes
Lysosomes 
Store carbs + lipids

Question 9

Vacuoles

Answer 9

Tonoplast (membrane) , solution

Temporary food store , pigments , support

Question 10

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 10

3D sheet like membranes in cytoplasm and cisternae

Question 11

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 11

Synthesise, store and transport lipids / carbohydrates

Question 12

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

Large surface area - photosynthesis

Pathway for transporting material ribosomes

Question 13

Cell speciation

Answer 13

Differentiated - specialised to function

Stem cells and embryonic cells undifferentiated

Question 14

Tissues

Answer 14

Group of specialised cells
Protection of internal organs
Diffusion across cell surface membranes
Absorption of material
Secretion of substances onto surface of epithalium

Question 15

Organs

Answer 15

Different tissues
Organ systems (respiratory , digestive , reproductive)
Skin, kidneys, liver

Question 16

Prokaryotic cell membrane bound organelles

Answer 16

Cell wall
Plasmids
Circular DNA
Capsule
Flagella
Ribosome 70S

Question 17

Prokaryote Cell Wall

Answer 17

Murein

Glycoprotein

Question 18

Circular DNA

Answer 18

Prokaryotes
Single
Free in cytoplasm
No associated proteins

Question 19

Binary fission

Answer 19

Circular DNA replicated and plasmids
Cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells (contains copies of plasmid and circular DNA)
New cell walls

Question 20

Viruses

Answer 20

Non living

Unicellular

Question 21

Virus structure

Answer 21

Genetic material - DNA/RNA
Capsid - protein coat
Attachment protein

Question 22

Virus replication

Answer 22

Living host cell to replicate
Attachment protein to cell surface membrane
Inject nucleic acid
Host cell genetic material

Question 23

Cell cycle

Answer 23

Mitosis & cytokinesis
Growth 1
Synthesis 1
Growth 2

Question 24

Inhibition or stimulate

Answer 24

After mitosis / cytokinesis

Question 25

Growth 1

Answer 25

Growth | New organelles

Question 26

Synthesis 1

Answer 26

DNA Synthesis DNA Replication Chromosomes double Stop if not dividing properly

Question 27

Growth 2

Answer 27

Growth and prep Energy and stores Duplicate organelles

Question 28

Mitosis steps

Answer 28

``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis ```

Question 29

Interphase

Answer 29

Synthesising proteins Chromosomes invisible DNA replication

Question 30

Prophase

Answer 30

Chromosomes visible Nuclear enveloped disintegrated Nucleolus disappears

Question 31

Metaphase

Answer 31

Chromatids line up on equator | Spindle forms

Question 32

Anaphase

Answer 32

Spindle fibres attach to centromere of chromatid contract | Pulled to polar

Question 33

Telophase

Answer 33

Chromosome reach poles Nuclear envelope and nucleus reforms Spindle fibres disintegrate

Question 34

Cytokinesis

Answer 34

2 identical daughter cells

Question 35

Cancer and tumours

Answer 35

Uncontrolled | Suppressor genes - oncogenes

Question 36

Cancer causes

Answer 36

Chemical - tobacco | Radioactive - X-rays , grammar rays

Question 37

Cancer treatment

Answer 37

``` Surgery Chemotherapy - block DNA replication/metaphase Radiotherapy Immunotherapy Vaccines Gene therapy Monoclonal antibodies ```