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Biology > Cell Structure Word Stimulants > Flashcards

Cell Structure Word Stimulants Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleus

A

Carries genetic material
Manufactures ribosomal RNA, mRNA, tRNA
Nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, chromosome, nucleolus (mRNA)

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2
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cellular respiration / production of ATPs
DNA
Double membrane, matrix, Cristae

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3
Q

Cell membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Controls what enters / exits
Embedded protein
Protect cell

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4
Q

Cell wall

A 
Polysaccharides
Middle lamella 
Mechanical strength
H2O pass along
Glycoproteins and cellulose
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5
Q

Ribosome 80S

A

Genetic replication
Reads mRNA>amino acids
Protein synthesis

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6
Q

Lysosomes

A 
Contains enzymes (lysozyme) 
Hydrolyse material (dead cells)
Release enzymes
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7
Q

Chloroplast

A 
Plants
Green pigment on leaves
Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis
Large surface area
Chloroplast envelope , granum, thylakoids, chlorophyll , stories
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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A 
Cisternae , vesicles 
Protein + carbs > glycoproteins
Secretes enzymes
Lysosomes 
Store carbs + lipids
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9
Q

Vacuoles

A

Tonoplast (membrane) , solution

Temporary food store , pigments , support

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10
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

3D sheet like membranes in cytoplasm and cisternae

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11
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesise, store and transport lipids / carbohydrates

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12
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Large surface area - photosynthesis

Pathway for transporting material ribosomes

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13
Q

Cell speciation

A

Differentiated - specialised to function

Stem cells and embryonic cells undifferentiated

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14
Q

Tissues

A 
Group of specialised cells
Protection of internal organs
Diffusion across cell surface membranes
Absorption of material
Secretion of substances onto surface of epithalium
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15
Q

Organs

A

Different tissues
Organ systems (respiratory , digestive , reproductive)
Skin, kidneys, liver

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cell membrane bound organelles

A 
Cell wall
Plasmids
Circular DNA
Capsule
Flagella
Ribosome 70S
17
Q

Prokaryote Cell Wall

A

Murein

Glycoprotein

18
Q

Circular DNA

A

Prokaryotes
Single
Free in cytoplasm
No associated proteins

19
Q

Binary fission

A

Circular DNA replicated and plasmids
Cytoplasm divides into 2 daughter cells (contains copies of plasmid and circular DNA)
New cell walls

20
Q

Viruses

A

Non living

Unicellular

21
Q

Virus structure

A

Genetic material - DNA/RNA
Capsid - protein coat
Attachment protein

22
Q

Virus replication

A

Living host cell to replicate
Attachment protein to cell surface membrane
Inject nucleic acid
Host cell genetic material

23
Q

Cell cycle

A

Mitosis & cytokinesis
Growth 1
Synthesis 1
Growth 2

24
Q

Inhibition or stimulate

A

After mitosis / cytokinesis

25
Q

Growth 1

A

Growth

New organelles

26
Q

Synthesis 1

A

DNA Synthesis
DNA Replication
Chromosomes double
Stop if not dividing properly

27
Q

Growth 2

A

Growth and prep
Energy and stores
Duplicate organelles

28
Q

Mitosis steps

A 
Interphase 
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
29
Q

Interphase

A

Synthesising proteins
Chromosomes invisible
DNA replication

30
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes visible
Nuclear enveloped disintegrated
Nucleolus disappears

31
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromatids line up on equator

Spindle forms

32
Q

Anaphase

A

Spindle fibres attach to centromere of chromatid contract

Pulled to polar

33
Q

Telophase

A

Chromosome reach poles
Nuclear envelope and nucleus reforms
Spindle fibres disintegrate

34
Q

Cytokinesis

A

2 identical daughter cells

35
Q

Cancer and tumours

A

Uncontrolled

Suppressor genes - oncogenes

36
Q

Cancer causes

A

Chemical - tobacco

Radioactive - X-rays , grammar rays

37
Q

Cancer treatment

A 
Surgery
Chemotherapy - block DNA replication/metaphase 
Radiotherapy
Immunotherapy
Vaccines
Gene therapy
Monoclonal antibodies

Biology (25 decks)

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