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Population in Ecosystems Word Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Biosphere

A

All inhabited places on Earth

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2
Q

Abiotic

A

Non living

Eg air, water

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3
Q

Biotic

A

Living

Eg animal, fungi, microorganisms

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4
Q

Ecosystem

A

Environment + community
Self contained part of biosphere
Boundary (overlap of ecosystems)

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5
Q

Self contained

A

Characteristics of that ecosystem

Adapted to ecosystem

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6
Q

Population

A

Each species in an ecosystem

Group of individuals from a species living in a particular place/time

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7
Q

Community

A

All different populations living in an ecosystem

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8
Q

Factors affecting community distribution/type of organism

A

Abiotic - physical factors (eg climate. conditions, location-altitude)
Biotic - relationship between organisms - competition, predator/prey

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9
Q

Ecology

A

Relationship between populations

Relationship between populations and environment

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10
Q

Environment

A

Place where a community live

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11
Q

Habitat

A

Localised environment
Provides resources
Where populations live

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12
Q

Niche

A

All that an organism does in a habitat

Resources

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13
Q

Population increase/decrease

A

Immigration/births

Migration/deaths

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14
Q

Population size

A

Number of individuals

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15
Q

Population size phases

A

Lag phase
Exponential phase
Phase of deceleration
Phase of stability

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16
Q

Lag Phase

A

Growth rate - slow

Only a few individuals for reproduction

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17
Q

Exponential Phase

A

Growth rate - increasing
More individuals to reproduce
Little intraspecific competition/disease/predators
Geometic - number doubles each generation

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18
Q

Phase of decleration

A 
Growth rate - slows
Competition/disease/predators
Limiting factors
Increased environmental resistance
Density dependent - more individuals=more limiting factors
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19
Q

Phase of stability

A

Growth rate - plateau
Population increase same as decrease
Carrying capacity - level of resources to sustain maximum number of population

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20
Q

J shaped curve (population size)

A

Population increases rapidly
‘Crash’ - sudden change to abiotic conditions (eg temp)
Density independent - ‘crash’ regardless of population size. Crash before limiting factors

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21
Q

Competators

A

Rivas for resources in limited supply

22
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition between individuals of the same species

23
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between individuals of different species

Species replace each other from a niches (competitive exclusion)

24
Q

Short term outcomes of competition

A

Intraspecific - population size
Interspecific - only one species occupies a niche (displaces another species - other species find another niche or extinct)
Maximum number of species occupying a habitat (respect to environmental resources available-shared)

25
Long term outcomes of competition
Intraspecific - Natural selection (best characteristics survive) Species evolution
26
Interactions
how individuals effect each other Competition Predator v prey Interspecific - effects species distribution
27
Mutualism
Two or more species benefit from close relationship
28
Commensalism
One species benefit (commensal) and others unaffected
29
Paratism
One species benefits (parasite), other species harmed (host)
30
Predator , prey relationships
Predators effect prey number | Prey effects predator number (prey scare - starve)
31
Predator/prey graph
1 Prey breed, increases number. Conditions favourable 2 Predators breed, increase number. Abundance of prey 3 Preditation pressure increase/ Prey number declines 4 Predator number declines - food shortage 5 preditation pressure decreases - prey number increases
32
Fluctuations (predator/prey graph)
Fluctuations in predator numbers less than preys Predator fluctuations lay behind prey Density dependent - negative feedback
33
Samples
Representation of ecosystems as a whole
34
Distribution
Where organisms are in an ecosystem
35
Abundance
Number of individuals of a species relative to other species
36
Fieldwork
Produces data (possible to draw conclusions from)
37
Belt transect
Measuring changes in vegetation between 2 points Estimate species abundance Line of transect (tape) Quadrats (record plant species at intervals on transect) Reducing sampling errors - consistent pattern of quadrats
38
Quadrats
Square frame Identify and count number of plants or stationary animals in known area Thrown at ransom Count and identify plants/animals Calculate abundance - number of squares a species occupies
39
Reducing errors
Improves confidence Sufficient number of samples - mean Avoid choosing Standardising when samples taken (time of day, season) Only count individuals at least half in square
40
Random
Avoids bais in data (could lead to false conclusions) any part of ecosystem has equal sampling chance Random generator
41
Investigating population size
Counting static species | Capture-mark-recapture
42
Capture-mark-recaputre
Mobile animals Capture and mark known number Return where found Wait Recapture similar number - count marked number No. of first and second sample / number of recaptured (marked)
43
Succession
Communities change over time - one gives way to another | Directional
44
Sere
Communities of succession
45
Pioneer community
Pioneer species (colonisers) Clearance of organisms by disturbance (eg volcanic eruption) Beginning sere Primary succession - no previous organisms
46
Secondary successsion
Organisms colonise environment with previous things living in it
47
Cimax community
Final sere | Stable - does not change (unless disturbance)
48
Succession events
``` Different species (from sere) impact their own environment - alter it Changes favour new species - previously dominant species may dies out and replaced Community more bio-diverse than previous sere (flow of energy increases, productivity increases, biomass greater) ```
49
Conservation of habitats
Balance use of resources and protecting enviroment
50
Ways of conservation
Renewable resources used in sustainable way Reduce use of non renewable sources (recycle , alternative materials) Reduce conflicting use of land (human needs v impact of survival of animals etc) Reduce pollution (more efficient industrial processes - less waste/energy) Environmentally friendly farming methods
51
Reasons for conservation of habitat
Maintaining biodiversity (central to conservation of renewable resources) Economic (provide food etc) Ecological (losing one species impact others) Ethical (duty to conserve for future generations) Aesthetic (beauty)
52
Deflected succession
Stabilise communities by humans | Deflect succession from climax

Biology (25 decks)

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