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Homeostasis Word Stimulants Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Constant internal conditions
Physiological control system
Organisms functions independent to external environment
Improve survival chance

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2
Q

Conditions kept constant

A

Blood glucose concentration
Blood and tissue fluid pH and water potential
Core temperature

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3
Q

Blood glucose concentration

A

Cellular respiration

Maintains water potential

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4
Q

Blood and tissue fluid pH and water potential

A

Cells strink/expand

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5
Q

Core temperature

A

Fat - insulator

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6
Q

Optimum temperature and pH

A

Enzymes most active (sensitive - denature)
Rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions maximum
Metabolism of cells most efficient

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7
Q

Feedback Mechanisms

A 
Self regulating system
Information about system changes effects future changes
1. Optimum
2. Stimuli
3. Receptors
4. Coordinator
5. Effectors
6. Feedback
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8
Q

Stimuli

A

Deviation from optimum

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9
Q

Receptors

A

Detect deviation

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10
Q

Coordinator

A

Receives info from receptors

Sends instructions to effectors

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11
Q

Effectors

A

Bring about response

Return system to optimum

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12
Q

Feedback

A

Informs receptors of system changes

Caused by effectors

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13
Q

Negative feedback

A

Reverses direction of change towards stimulus
Maintains stability
Conditions fluctuate around optimum
Self adjusting
Eg Blood glucose (high - insulin; low - glucagon)

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

Causes more and more change away from optimum
Reinforces original change
Does not maintain stability
Chain reaction develops - could run out of control&destroy itself - (negative feedback prevents)
Eg Damaged tissues - continuous platelets - blood clot (breaks chain reaction)
Eg Neurones - Na+ influx = increases Na+ permeability

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15
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose store

Liver and muscle tissue

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16
Q

Hormones

A

First messenger molecules

Bind to receptors (proteins)

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17
Q

Receptors

A

Embedded in phospholipid biplayer of plasma membrane of target cells

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18
Q

Endocytosis

A

Hormone-substrate complex > Cytoplasm (target cells)

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19
Q

Insulin combines with receptor passage

A

Hormone-substrate complex > Cytoplasm (target cells) > Golgi apparatus > Cell Surface > Plasma membrane

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20
Q

Insulin/Receptor Golgi apparatus

A

Bud off portions of material (glucose carrier proteins)

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21
Q

Insulin/Receptor Plasma membrane

A

Increase no. of glucose carrier proteins

Uptake of glucose increases

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22
Q

Glucagon & Adrenaline combines with receptor passage

A

Activates Adenylate cyclase

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23
Q

Adenylate cyclase

A

ATP > cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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24
Q

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Secondary messenger molecule

Activates glycogen phosphorylase (glycogen > glucose)

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25
Insulin
Secreted by B cells of islets of Langerhan (pancreas) Responds to high glucose conc (reduces conc) Liver/Muscle Plasma membrane more permeable to glucose > more uptake Glucose > glycogen
26
Glycogenesis
Insulin Glucose > Glucogen Glucogen synthase Condensation
27
Glucogen synthase
Glucose > Glucogen
28
Glucagon
Secreted by A cells of islets of Langerhan (pancreas) Responds to low glucose conc (increases conc) Reduces liver plasma membrane permeability to glucose > less glucose uptake Glycogen > Glucose Inhibits glycogen synthase
29
Glycogenolysis
Activates glycogen phosphorylase | Glycogen > Glucose
30
Glycogen phosphorylase
Glycogen > Glucose
31
Glyconeogenesis
Activates fructose biphophate | Non carbohydrate substances (glycerol & amino acid) > glucose
32
Adrenaline
``` Secreted by adrenal glands Responds to low glucose conc (increases conc) Inactivates glycogen synthase Activates glycogen phosphorlyase Glycogen > Glucose ```
33
Diabetes Type 1
Insulin deficient diabetes Pancreas does not produce enough insulin B cells destroyed (autoimmune disease) Genetic disorder - children, fast development
34
Diabetes Type 1 Treatment
Healthy balanced diet Daily injections (GM bacteria produce insulin; dose - biosensors) Transplant (insulin producing cells - B cells) Immunotherapy (T cells prevent autoimmunity)
35
Diabetes Type 2
Non insulin deficient Pancreas does produce enough insulin Body tissue insensitive/resistant to insulin Adult, slow development
36
Diabetes Type 2 Resistance
Body tissue insensitive/resistant to insulin Glycoprotein receptors lost Cannot use blood glucose (energy) B cells produce more insulin (eventually unable to produce) Liver release more insulin - increase in blood glucose conc
37
Diabetes Type 2 Treatment
Balanced, healthy diet Regular exercise Weight control Drugs - if necessary
38
Symptoms of hyperglycemia/excess glucose
Bloody supply to extremities reduced - Gangrene (derived of O2 and nutrients) Increase in urine vol (excessive) pH fall (Acidosis)
39
Nephron Structure
Renal artery; afferent arteriole; Bowmen's capsule; glomerulus; malphigan body; efferent arteriole; vesa recta (blood capillaries); renal vein; proximal convulated tubule; loop of henle (descending-left/ascending-right); distal convulated tubule; collecting duct
40
Top of nephron
Cortex
41
Bottom of nephron
Medulla
42
Glomerulus
Malphigan body | Knot of blood capillary
43
Efferent arteriole
Diameter smaller | Maintain pressure
44
Rein vein
Carries clean blood
45
Collecting Duct
> Ureter
46
Malphigan body
Bowmen's (renal) capsule Glomerulus Filters wastes
47
Kidney Structure
Renal vein; Renal artery; Ureter; pelvis; medulla; cortex; fibrous capsule (protects); nephron
48
Osmoregulation
Maintains balance between water potential of cells and tissue fluid
49
Ultrafiltration location
Malphighan body
50
Endothelium lining structure
Between blood vessel of glomerus and Bowmen lumen Fenestrations (pres) Podocytes (projections, gaps, Bowmen capsule cells)
51
Filter
Small molecules - Blood plasma to lumen of Bowmens capsule (fenestrations, caps between podocytes) Large molecules stopped
52
Hydrostatic pressure
Blood capillaries of glomerulus | Forces substrates out of blood
53
Water potential
Lower in Bowmens than blood | No proteins
54
Osmotic pressure
Water into blood Oncotic pressure Less than hydrostatic pressure
55
Proximal Convulted Tubule wall cells
Contain mitochondria Cilitated Metabolically active Specialised
56
Reabsorption by proximal convulated tubule purpose
Adjust ion concentration | Secrete urea into liquid
57
Secreted liquid to blood
Active Transport of glucose, amino acids and mineral ions
58
pH regulation
Removal of H+ | Uptake of HCO3-
59
Reabsorption by distal convulated tubule purpose
Fine tune ion concentration
60
Secrete blood to tubule
Cells forming wall actively transport : | K+ , H +, NH4+
61
Secrete liquid to blood
Cells forming wall actively transport : | Na+
62
Rate of exchange varies
Ion concentration in blood regulated Maintains pH Urine - pH 6 (contains NH4+, H+)
63
Loop of Henle
Liquid enters from proximal convulated tubule Leaves to collecting duct Counter-current multiplier
64
Ascending limb
Na+, Cl- actively transported from, diffuse into descending limb - Conc in tissue fluid of medulla increases Lose more as liquid moves up the limb Impermeable to H2O - thick walls
65
Descending limb
Cl-, Na+ conc increases Conc greatest at bottom of loop Diffuse into medulla tissue Water lost to medulla tissue (osmosis) - carried away in vena recta (blood)
66
Countercurrent multiplier
Short - less Na+ Cl- build up - less conc urine Energy to generate an osmotic gradient - conc of ions decrease up limb Maintains water potential gradient
67
Antidiveretic Hormone (ADH)
Effects permeability of collecting ducts Negative feedback Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus
68
Water potential of blood more negative
Hypothalamus secretes ADH > down axon in neuroscretory cells > pituitary gland > released into blood > collecting duct Collecting ducts more permeable to H20 > Osmosis into medulla tissue > blood Small volume of urine, concentrated
69
Water potential of blood less negative
Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus secrete less ADH Collecting ducts less permeable > less H2O (osmosis) out of collecting duct to medualla Large volume of urine, dilute

Biology (25 decks)

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