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Biology > Homeostasis Word Stimulants > Flashcards

Homeostasis Word Stimulants Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Constant internal conditions
Physiological control system
Organisms functions independent to external environment
Improve survival chance

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2
Q

Conditions kept constant

A

Blood glucose concentration
Blood and tissue fluid pH and water potential
Core temperature

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3
Q

Blood glucose concentration

A

Cellular respiration

Maintains water potential

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4
Q

Blood and tissue fluid pH and water potential

A

Cells strink/expand

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5
Q

Core temperature

A

Fat - insulator

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6
Q

Optimum temperature and pH

A

Enzymes most active (sensitive - denature)
Rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions maximum
Metabolism of cells most efficient

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7
Q

Feedback Mechanisms

A 
Self regulating system
Information about system changes effects future changes
1. Optimum
2. Stimuli
3. Receptors
4. Coordinator
5. Effectors
6. Feedback
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8
Q

Stimuli

A

Deviation from optimum

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9
Q

Receptors

A

Detect deviation

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10
Q

Coordinator

A

Receives info from receptors

Sends instructions to effectors

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11
Q

Effectors

A

Bring about response

Return system to optimum

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12
Q

Feedback

A

Informs receptors of system changes

Caused by effectors

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13
Q

Negative feedback

A

Reverses direction of change towards stimulus
Maintains stability
Conditions fluctuate around optimum
Self adjusting
Eg Blood glucose (high - insulin; low - glucagon)

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14
Q

Positive feedback

A

Causes more and more change away from optimum
Reinforces original change
Does not maintain stability
Chain reaction develops - could run out of control&destroy itself - (negative feedback prevents)
Eg Damaged tissues - continuous platelets - blood clot (breaks chain reaction)
Eg Neurones - Na+ influx = increases Na+ permeability

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15
Q

Glycogen

A

Glucose store

Liver and muscle tissue

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16
Q

Hormones

A

First messenger molecules

Bind to receptors (proteins)

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17
Q

Receptors

A

Embedded in phospholipid biplayer of plasma membrane of target cells

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18
Q

Endocytosis

A

Hormone-substrate complex > Cytoplasm (target cells)

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19
Q

Insulin combines with receptor passage

A

Hormone-substrate complex > Cytoplasm (target cells) > Golgi apparatus > Cell Surface > Plasma membrane

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20
Q

Insulin/Receptor Golgi apparatus

A

Bud off portions of material (glucose carrier proteins)

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21
Q

Insulin/Receptor Plasma membrane

A

Increase no. of glucose carrier proteins

Uptake of glucose increases

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22
Q

Glucagon & Adrenaline combines with receptor passage

A

Activates Adenylate cyclase

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23
Q

Adenylate cyclase

A

ATP > cyclic AMP (cAMP)

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24
Q

cyclic AMP (cAMP)

A

Secondary messenger molecule

Activates glycogen phosphorylase (glycogen > glucose)

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25
Q

Insulin

A

Secreted by B cells of islets of Langerhan (pancreas)
Responds to high glucose conc (reduces conc)
Liver/Muscle Plasma membrane more permeable to glucose > more uptake
Glucose > glycogen

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26
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Insulin
Glucose > Glucogen
Glucogen synthase
Condensation

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27
Q

Glucogen synthase

A

Glucose > Glucogen

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28
Q

Glucagon

A

Secreted by A cells of islets of Langerhan (pancreas)
Responds to low glucose conc (increases conc)
Reduces liver plasma membrane permeability to glucose > less glucose uptake
Glycogen > Glucose
Inhibits glycogen synthase

29
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Activates glycogen phosphorylase

Glycogen > Glucose

30
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

Glycogen > Glucose

31
Q

Glyconeogenesis

A

Activates fructose biphophate

Non carbohydrate substances (glycerol & amino acid) > glucose

32
Q

Adrenaline

A 
Secreted by adrenal glands
Responds to low glucose conc (increases conc)
Inactivates glycogen synthase
Activates glycogen phosphorlyase
Glycogen > Glucose
33
Q

Diabetes Type 1

A

Insulin deficient diabetes
Pancreas does not produce enough insulin
B cells destroyed (autoimmune disease)
Genetic disorder - children, fast development

34
Q

Diabetes Type 1 Treatment

A

Healthy balanced diet
Daily injections (GM bacteria produce insulin; dose - biosensors)
Transplant (insulin producing cells - B cells)
Immunotherapy (T cells prevent autoimmunity)

35
Q

Diabetes Type 2

A

Non insulin deficient
Pancreas does produce enough insulin
Body tissue insensitive/resistant to insulin
Adult, slow development

36
Q

Diabetes Type 2 Resistance

A

Body tissue insensitive/resistant to insulin
Glycoprotein receptors lost
Cannot use blood glucose (energy)
B cells produce more insulin (eventually unable to produce)
Liver release more insulin - increase in blood glucose conc

37
Q

Diabetes Type 2 Treatment

A

Balanced, healthy diet
Regular exercise
Weight control
Drugs - if necessary

38
Q

Symptoms of hyperglycemia/excess glucose

A

Bloody supply to extremities reduced - Gangrene (derived of O2 and nutrients)
Increase in urine vol (excessive)
pH fall (Acidosis)

39
Q

Nephron Structure

A

Renal artery; afferent arteriole; Bowmen’s capsule; glomerulus; malphigan body; efferent arteriole; vesa recta (blood capillaries); renal vein; proximal convulated tubule; loop of henle (descending-left/ascending-right); distal convulated tubule; collecting duct

40
Q

Top of nephron

A

Cortex

41
Q

Bottom of nephron

A

Medulla

42
Q

Glomerulus

A

Malphigan body

Knot of blood capillary

43
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Diameter smaller

Maintain pressure

44
Q

Rein vein

A

Carries clean blood

45
Q

Collecting Duct

A

> Ureter

46
Q

Malphigan body

A

Bowmen’s (renal) capsule
Glomerulus
Filters wastes

47
Q

Kidney Structure

A

Renal vein; Renal artery; Ureter; pelvis; medulla; cortex; fibrous capsule (protects); nephron

48
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Maintains balance between water potential of cells and tissue fluid

49
Q

Ultrafiltration location

A

Malphighan body

50
Q

Endothelium lining structure

A

Between blood vessel of glomerus and Bowmen lumen
Fenestrations (pres)
Podocytes (projections, gaps, Bowmen capsule cells)

51
Q

Filter

A

Small molecules - Blood plasma to lumen of Bowmens capsule (fenestrations, caps between podocytes)
Large molecules stopped

52
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Blood capillaries of glomerulus

Forces substrates out of blood

53
Q

Water potential

A

Lower in Bowmens than blood

No proteins

54
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Water into blood
Oncotic pressure
Less than hydrostatic pressure

55
Q

Proximal Convulted Tubule wall cells

A

Contain mitochondria
Cilitated
Metabolically active
Specialised

56
Q

Reabsorption by proximal convulated tubule purpose

A

Adjust ion concentration

Secrete urea into liquid

57
Q

Secreted liquid to blood

A

Active Transport of glucose, amino acids and mineral ions

58
Q

pH regulation

A

Removal of H+

Uptake of HCO3-

59
Q

Reabsorption by distal convulated tubule purpose

A

Fine tune ion concentration

60
Q

Secrete blood to tubule

A

Cells forming wall actively transport :

K+ , H +, NH4+

61
Q

Secrete liquid to blood

A

Cells forming wall actively transport :

Na+

62
Q

Rate of exchange varies

A

Ion concentration in blood regulated
Maintains pH
Urine - pH 6 (contains NH4+, H+)

63
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Liquid enters from proximal convulated tubule
Leaves to collecting duct
Counter-current multiplier

64
Q

Ascending limb

A

Na+, Cl- actively transported from, diffuse into descending limb
- Conc in tissue fluid of medulla increases
Lose more as liquid moves up the limb
Impermeable to H2O - thick walls

65
Q

Descending limb

A

Cl-, Na+ conc increases
Conc greatest at bottom of loop
Diffuse into medulla tissue
Water lost to medulla tissue (osmosis) - carried away in vena recta (blood)

66
Q

Countercurrent multiplier

A

Short - less Na+ Cl- build up - less conc urine
Energy to generate an osmotic gradient - conc of ions decrease up limb
Maintains water potential gradient

67
Q

Antidiveretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Effects permeability of collecting ducts
Negative feedback
Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus

68
Q

Water potential of blood more negative

A

Hypothalamus secretes ADH > down axon in neuroscretory cells > pituitary gland > released into blood > collecting duct
Collecting ducts more permeable to H20 > Osmosis into medulla tissue > blood
Small volume of urine, concentrated

69
Q

Water potential of blood less negative

A

Neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus secrete less ADH
Collecting ducts less permeable > less H2O (osmosis) out of collecting duct to medualla
Large volume of urine, dilute

Biology (25 decks)

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