Reading Quiz Chapter 4 Flashcards
prospagnosia
face blindness
facial recognition occurs in the
right hemisphere
bottom-up processing
begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
top-up processing
information processed by higher level thinking, when we construct perceptions on our experiences & expectations
selective attention
focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimuli
perception
organizing, and interpreting sensory information
perception allows us to
recognize meaningful objects and events
sensation
sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
intentional blindness
failing it see visible objects when attention is directed elsewhere
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment
change deafness
unaware of change in speaker
pop-out phenomenon
stimuli that draw are attention, often are distinctly different from the rest
psychophysics
relationship between physical characteristics including intensity and our psychological experience of them
absolute threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
signal detection theory
how and when we detect a faint stimulus amid background noise
signal detection theory depends on an individuals
experience, expectations, motivation and alertness
signal detection theory assumes
there is no single absolute threshold
subliminal
below ones absolute threshold for conscious awareness
priming
unconscious activation of certain association areas
websters law
the principle that to be perceived different two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage
difference threshold
minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity because of a constant stimulation
transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another
transduction in sensation
transforming stimulus energies: sights, sounds, smells into neural impulses our brain can interpret
wavelength
distance from peak of light or sound wave to the peak of the next
hue
dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light
intensity
amount of energy in light or sound wave which we perceive as brightness or loudness
great amplitude
bright colors
small amplitude
dull colors
short wavelength
high frequency- blue colors
long wavelenght
short frequency- red colors
pupil
adjustable opening, where light enters
iris
colored portion of eye and controls size of pupil opening
lens
changes shape to focus images on retina
accommodation
eye lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
rods
retinal receptors detecting black, white, gray necessary for peripheral and twilight vision (when cones don’t respond)
cones
retinal receptors function in daylight and well lit conditions- detect fine detail and color sensations
optic nerve
carries neural impulses from eye to brain
blind spot
no receptor cells
fovea
central focal point in retina surrounding cone cluster
feature detectors
respond to specific features of stimulus: shape, angle or movement
parallel processing
processing of may aspects of a problem simultaneously
Young Helmholts trichromatic theory
(Three color theory) that retina contains three different color receptors, one most sensitive to red, one to green one to blue- which when stimulated produce the perception of any color
opponent-process theory
opposing retinal processes enable color vision
audition
the sense or act of hearing
frequency
the number of complete wavelengths (per second)
pitch
tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency
cochela
fluid filled tube inner ear where sound waves trigger neural impulses
inner ear
the innermost part of ear
place theory
links pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
frequency theory
nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone, enabling us to sense its pitch
conduction hearing loss
hearing loss due to damage to the mechanical system conducting sound waves to cochlea
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to cochleas receptors cells or to auditory nerves
cochlear implant
device converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
conduction hearing loss
hearing loss due to damage to the mechanical system conducting sound waves to cochlea
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to cochleas receptors cells or to auditory nerves
cochlear implant
device converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
gate-control theory
that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate blocking pain signals or allows them to pass on to the briain
vestibular sense
monitors body’s and head position and movement
nocieptors
sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure or chemicals
figure-ground
organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surrondings
sensory interaction
that one sense may influence another as when the smell of food influences its taste
gestalt
organized whole, emphasized tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes
figure-ground
organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surrondings
depth perception
ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike retina are two dimensional allow us to judge distance
binocular cues
depth cues, retinal disparity that depend on the use of two eyes
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging (consistent shapes,sizes,lightness and color) even as illumination and retinal images change
monocular cues
depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone
phi phenomenon
illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
perceptual set
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
color constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
perceptual adaptation
ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
perceptual set
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
biological influences
sensory analysis, unlearned visual phenomena, critical period for sensory development
psychological influence
selective attention, learned schemas, Gestalt principles, context effects, perceptual set
soical-cultural influences
cultural assumptions and expectations
paranormal phenomena (PSI)
telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition
precognition
predicting the future
clairvoyance
perceiving remote events (friend’s house is on fire)
telepathy
mind to mind communication
parapsychology
study of paranormal phenomena
extrasensory perception
controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input: includes telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition
