Chapter 7 Reading Quiz! Flashcards
Memory
Continual learning over time through storage and retrieval
encoding
Processing information into memory system- extracting meaning.
Storage
retaining stored encoded information
retrieval
getting information out of memory storage
Three stages of forming memories:
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Unconscious processing:
external event- sensory input, sensory memory- encoding, working/short term memory- encoding- retrieving, long term memory
working memory
understanding of short term memory- focuses on conscious processing- and retrieved long term memory information
Working memory focuses:
conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and retrieved info from long-term memory
Parallel processing
Doing many things at once to understand a problem.
Retention
to remember
Automatic process
unconscious encoding of incidental information
Effortful Processing
Encoding requiring attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal
Conscious repetition of information
Spacing effect
Rehearsal distributed over time
Acoustic encoding
Encoding of sound
Testing effect
Testing is a powerful means of improving learning not just testing it
Point to remember 2:
Spaced study and self-assessment beat cramming
Serial position effect
tendency to recall last and first items in a list best
Visual encoding
Encoding of pictures
Semantic encoding
Encoding of meaning; especially meaning of words
Chunking
Organizing familiar items into manageable units; often automatic
Echoic memory
Sound/word recalled seconds after sensory stimuli
Ltp
Long-term potentiation
Long-term potentiation
Increase in synapses firing potential after brief rapid stimulation
self-reference effect:
Relating things to ourselves more easily
imagery
mental pictures
mnemonics
memory aids
Rosy retrospection
Negative emotions recalled from bad events fade more rapidly than positive emotion recalled from good events.
Iconic memory
Memory of visual stimuli; lasts several seconds
Flashbulb memory
clear memory of an emotionally significant event
Amnesia
Loss of memory
Implicit memory or
Non-declarative/ procedural memory
Implicit memory
retention independent of conscious recollection
Explicit memory
memory of experiences/facts and individual can consciously declare
Explicit memory or
declarative memory
Hippocampus located in
limbic system
Hippocampus
helps process explicit memories for storage
cerebellum stores
implicit memories created by classical conditioning
recall
Measure of memory in which the person must retireive information learned earlier
relearning
Measures of memory assessing the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
priming
activation unconsciously of an individuals associations
recognition
memory by identifying what was already learned
proactive interference
when something learned prior disrupts recall of new information
retroactive interference
Disruptive effect of new information on recall of old information
mood-congruent memory
recalling experiences consistent with good or bad moods
Repression casues
conscious anxiety aroused thought, feelings and memories to banish
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading info into a memory
source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.
algorithm
step-by-step procedures guaranteeing a solution
heuristic
Thinking strategy often error producing
insight
solution to a problem
creativity
ability to produce novel ideas
confirmation bias
searching for info that suppotrs our ideas
fixation
inability to see problem from a different perspective
mental set
approach problem, in a particular way
functional fixedness
tendency to think of things in terms of usual functions
representative heuristic
judge likelihood of things in terms or particular prototypes
availability heuristic
estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
overconfidence
overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs/judgements
belief perseverance
clinging to initial conceptions after basis they were formed on were discredited
langauage
how we communicate meaning
phoneme
smallest distinctive sound unit in language
morpheme
smallest unit with meaning
morpheme expample
a words prefix
grammar
system of rules enabling communication
semanatics
study of meaning
syntax
rules for combining swords in to grammatically correct sentences
babbling stage
various unrelated sounds produced by infants
one-word stage
single words spoken by 1 to 2 year olds
two word stage
speech development involing two-words statements
telegraphic speech
children’s speech of mostly nouns and verbs
linguistic determinism
language determines how we think
Hypothesis of Linguistic determinism presented by
Benjamin Lee Whorf
Sensory memory
Brief recording of sensory information into memory system
Short- Term memory
Briefly holds few items before information is forgotten
Short-term memory example
7 digits of a phone number while dialing
Long- term memory
Relatively limitless storehouse of memory system.
Long-term memory includes
Knowledge, skills and experiences
Automatic processing examples:
Space, time, Frequency and well-known word meanings
Rehearsals purpose:
Maintain information consciously/ encode information for storage
Spacing effect allows for:
more long-term retention
Acoustic encoding often includes:
the sound of words
De ja vu
Cues from current situations may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
