Chapter 7 Reading Quiz! Flashcards by Megan Pappalardo

Memory

Continual learning over time through storage and retrieval

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encoding

Processing information into memory system- extracting meaning.

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Storage

retaining stored encoded information

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retrieval

getting information out of memory storage

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Three stages of forming memories:

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

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Unconscious processing:

external event- sensory input, sensory memory- encoding, working/short term memory- encoding- retrieving, long term memory

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working memory

understanding of short term memory- focuses on conscious processing- and retrieved long term memory information

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Working memory focuses:

conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and retrieved info from long-term memory

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Parallel processing

Doing many things at once to understand a problem.

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Retention

to remember

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Automatic process

unconscious encoding of incidental information

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Effortful Processing

Encoding requiring attention and conscious effort

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Rehearsal

Conscious repetition of information

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Spacing effect

Rehearsal distributed over time

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Acoustic encoding

Encoding of sound

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Testing effect

Testing is a powerful means of improving learning not just testing it

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Point to remember 2:

Spaced study and self-assessment beat cramming

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Serial position effect

tendency to recall last and first items in a list best

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Visual encoding

Encoding of pictures

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Semantic encoding

Encoding of meaning; especially meaning of words

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Chunking

Organizing familiar items into manageable units; often automatic

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Echoic memory

Sound/word recalled seconds after sensory stimuli

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Ltp

Long-term potentiation

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Long-term potentiation

Increase in synapses firing potential after brief rapid stimulation

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self-reference effect:

Relating things to ourselves more easily

imagery

mental pictures

mnemonics

memory aids

Rosy retrospection

Negative emotions recalled from bad events fade more rapidly than positive emotion recalled from good events.

Iconic memory

Memory of visual stimuli; lasts several seconds

Flashbulb memory

clear memory of an emotionally significant event

Amnesia

Loss of memory

Implicit memory or

Non-declarative/ procedural memory

Implicit memory

retention independent of conscious recollection

Explicit memory

memory of experiences/facts and individual can consciously declare

Explicit memory or

declarative memory

Hippocampus located in

limbic system

Hippocampus

helps process explicit memories for storage

cerebellum stores

implicit memories created by classical conditioning

recall

Measure of memory in which the person must retireive information learned earlier

relearning

Measures of memory assessing the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

priming

activation unconsciously of an individuals associations

recognition

memory by identifying what was already learned

proactive interference

when something learned prior disrupts recall of new information

retroactive interference

Disruptive effect of new information on recall of old information

mood-congruent memory

recalling experiences consistent with good or bad moods

Repression casues

conscious anxiety aroused thought, feelings and memories to banish

misinformation effect

incorporating misleading info into a memory

source amnesia

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.

algorithm

step-by-step procedures guaranteeing a solution

heuristic

Thinking strategy often error producing

insight

solution to a problem

creativity

ability to produce novel ideas

confirmation bias

searching for info that suppotrs our ideas

fixation

inability to see problem from a different perspective

mental set

approach problem, in a particular way

functional fixedness

tendency to think of things in terms of usual functions

representative heuristic

judge likelihood of things in terms or particular prototypes

availability heuristic

estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

overconfidence

overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs/judgements

belief perseverance

clinging to initial conceptions after basis they were formed on were discredited

langauage

how we communicate meaning

phoneme

smallest distinctive sound unit in language

morpheme

smallest unit with meaning

morpheme expample

a words prefix

grammar

system of rules enabling communication

semanatics

study of meaning

syntax

rules for combining swords in to grammatically correct sentences

babbling stage

various unrelated sounds produced by infants

one-word stage

single words spoken by 1 to 2 year olds

two word stage

speech development involing two-words statements

telegraphic speech

children's speech of mostly nouns and verbs

linguistic determinism

language determines how we think

Hypothesis of Linguistic determinism presented by

Benjamin Lee Whorf

Sensory memory

Brief recording of sensory information into memory system

Short- Term memory

Briefly holds few items before information is forgotten

Short-term memory example

7 digits of a phone number while dialing

Long- term memory

Relatively limitless storehouse of memory system.

Long-term memory includes

Knowledge, skills and experiences

Automatic processing examples:

Space, time, Frequency and well-known word meanings

Rehearsals purpose:

Maintain information consciously/ encode information for storage

Spacing effect allows for:

more long-term retention

Acoustic encoding often includes:

the sound of words

De ja vu

Cues from current situations may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience