Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Developmental Psychology Studies
A
How individuals develop:
- Cognitively
- Physically
- Socially
2
Q
Nature Vs. Nurture
A
How genetics influence our experiences and development
3
Q
Zygote
A
Fertilized egg
4
Q
Less than half zygotes survive
A
the first two weeks
5
Q
Following cell division the zygote becomes an
A
embryo
6
Q
9 weeks after conception the embryo becomes a
A
fetus
7
Q
Placenta has
A
Formed at the zygotes outer cells and attached to the uterine wall
8
Q
Placenta is responsible
A
Transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus; and screen potentially harmful substances
9
Q
Teratogens
A
chemicals/viruses which may cause harm to prenatal development
10
Q
fetal alcohol syndrome
A
physical/cognitive abnormalities caused by pregnant mother’s heavy drinking
11
Q
habituation
A
Decrease in infants response with repetition of same stimulus
12
Q
Habituation results in infants interest to
A
fade resulting in them looking away
13
Q
Infants focus first on
A
the face not the body
14
Q
Human brains are
A
immature at birth
15
Q
Association areas are the
A
last cortical areas to develop
16
Q
Association areas:
A
thinking, memory, and language
17
Q
maturation
A
growth process enabling orderly changes in behavior
18
Q
maturation is uninfluenced
A
by experience
19
Q
cognition
A
mental activities associated with: thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
20
Q
back-to-sleep position
A
Placing babies on their backs to sleep to avoid a smothering crib death
21
Q
genes play a major role in
A
motor development
22
Q
infantile amnesia
A
memories prior to age 3 were not remembered
23
Q
Learning may be present even at age
A
3 months
24
Q
schema
A
A concept/mental mold interprets information
25
Assimilation
Interpreingt new experiences into existing schemas
26
Accomodation
Adapting our current understandings/schemas to incorporate new information
27
sensorimotor stage
babies take in the world through senses and actions- (Piaget)
28
object permanence
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
29
preoperational stage
Child learns language but does not understand mental logic operations- Piaget
30
Conservation
Principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain despite object form changing- Piaget
31
egocentrism
child's difficult to view something the same as another's perception- piaget
32
theory of mind
infer other's mental states: feelings, perceptions and thoughts they may predict
33
concrete operational stage occurs in ages
Around 6 to 11
34
Concrete operational stage allows
individuals to grasp conservation and to think logically regarding events and mental operations- Piaget
35
formal operational stage
systematical reasoning; if this then that- abstract concepts- Piaget
36
Formal operational stage typically beings at
age 12
37
Autism symptoms
deficient, communication, social interaction and understanding of others' states of mind
38
stranger anxiety
fear of strangers displayed by infants
39
stranger anxiety is displayed at
8 months
40
attachment
emotional tie often with caregiver
41
critical period occurs in
animals
42
critical period
time after birth where stimuli occur to result in proper devlopment
43
imprinting
some animals process of forming attachments during a critical period
44
temperament
emotional reactivity/intensity
45
basic trust
sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy- Erikson
46
authoritarian parenting
impose strict rules and demanding obedience
47
self-concept
understanding/evaluation of who we as individuals are
48
self-concept is achieved at age
12
49
Permissive parenting
make few demands, use little punishment and submit to childrens' desires
50
Authoritative
Exert control by setting/enforcing rules, expalin reason for rules and encourage open discussion to allow exceptions
51
family self
feeling that what shames a child shames a family and vice versa
52
gender
biological/social characteristics which define male or female
53
agression
physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
54
when a y chromosome is paired with an x chromosome
the baby is a boy
55
two x chromosomes result in
a baby girl
56
females have
2 x chromosomes
57
makes have
y chromosomes and 1 x chromosome
58
testosterone
males excess amount stimulates the growth of sex organs in the fetus and development during puberty
59
role
expected behaviors for those who occupy a certain social position
60
gender roles
expectations for how men and women should behave
61
gender identity
our sense of being male or female
62
gender typed
acquisition of a more masculine/feminine role
63
social learning theory
we learn social behavior by observing/imitating and through punishment/reward
64
adolescence
transition period from childhood to adulthood- puberty to independence
65
puberty
sexual maturation; individual is able to reproduce
66
primary sex characteristics include
genitalia, pvaries, testes- sexual reproduction organs
67
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive characteristics include: breasts, hips and body har
68
menarche
first menstrual period
69
preconventional morality
focuses on self interest
70
preconventional morality occurs
before age 9
71
conventional morality
upholding laws/social rules because they are there
72
postconventional moraltiy
actions are correct based on ethical principles
73
identity
sense of self by testing various roles- Erikson
74
social identity
understanding who we are by identifying our membership in a group- Erikson
75
intimacy
ability to form loving relationships primary developmental task during late adolescence and early adulthood- Erikson
76
emerging adulthood
bridge gape between adolescent dependence and full independence/responsible adulthood
77
menopause
natural cessation of menstruation/biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
78
With Alzheimers disease
Memory deteriorates followed by reasoning
79
cross-sectional study
people of different ages are compared
80
longitudinal study
the same people are restudied/retested over a long period of time
81
crystallized intelligence
accumulate knowledge/verabal skills- increases with age
82
fluid intelligence
ability to reason quickly and abstractly- declines with age
83
social clock
culturally preferred time for life events to occur- example when you should retire or get married
84
generativity
productive/supportive of future generations
85
social clock
culturally preferred time for life events to occur- example when you should bear children or get married
86
generativity
productive/supportive of future generations
87
embryo
developing human embryo
88
Basic trust is formed during __________ and depends on interaction/response to ____________
Infancy by experiences with responsive caregivers
89
Social Learning Theory States:
We learn sepcial behavior by observing and imitating and by being punished or rewarded
90
Strange Situation Experiment was designed by
Mary Ainsworth
91
What happened in the strange situation experiment
Involved artificial monkeys designed as wirey or clozy. To see whihc was more soothing/preferable to a real monkey; when their real mother was not around
92
From the Strange Situation
Ainsworth concluded sensetive/unsensitive parents alter their child's attachment
93
Responsive mothers infants demonstrate
secure attachment
94
Unresponsive Carefree mothers infants demonstrate
insecure attachment
95
Secure attachment
Infants are upset when caregiver leaves and happy when they return; show that they have a long-term relationship
96
Diana Baumrind experimented on
self esteem as a result of parenting styles
97
self- esteem, self-reliance. social competance are the highest when raised with
authoriative parents
98
permissive parenting often results in
immaturity/agressive
99
authoritarian parenting often results in
lower self-esteem poor social skills
100
Erik Erikson known for 2 basics of adulthood:
intimacy/generativity- psychological development
101
Carol Gilligan experimented with
gender differences
102
male answer syndrome
reciting a hazard answer instead of admitting they dont know
103
Harry Harlow
Artificial monkey experiment to portray attachment results
104
Lawrence Kohlberg
Development of moral reasoning/moral ladder
105
Lorenz Konrad
Explored imprinting; experimented by being the first thing ducklings saw and they followed him and the same when an object appeared first. Revealing imprinting occurs only in animals and is a process of forming attachments
106
Jean Piaget
Children develop through stages/moral judgments are built in cognitive development
107
Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory of how children learn based on society
