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AP Psychology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Psychology Studies

A

How individuals develop:

  • Cognitively
  • Physically
  • Socially
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2
Q

Nature Vs. Nurture

A

How genetics influence our experiences and development

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3
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg

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4
Q

Less than half zygotes survive

A

the first two weeks

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5
Q

Following cell division the zygote becomes an

A

embryo

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6
Q

9 weeks after conception the embryo becomes a

A

fetus

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7
Q

Placenta has

A

Formed at the zygotes outer cells and attached to the uterine wall

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8
Q

Placenta is responsible

A

Transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus; and screen potentially harmful substances

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9
Q

Teratogens

A

chemicals/viruses which may cause harm to prenatal development

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10
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

physical/cognitive abnormalities caused by pregnant mother’s heavy drinking

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11
Q

habituation

A

Decrease in infants response with repetition of same stimulus

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12
Q

Habituation results in infants interest to

A

fade resulting in them looking away

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13
Q

Infants focus first on

A

the face not the body

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14
Q

Human brains are

A

immature at birth

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15
Q

Association areas are the

A

last cortical areas to develop

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16
Q

Association areas:

A

thinking, memory, and language

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17
Q

maturation

A

growth process enabling orderly changes in behavior

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18
Q

maturation is uninfluenced

A

by experience

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19
Q

cognition

A

mental activities associated with: thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

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20
Q

back-to-sleep position

A

Placing babies on their backs to sleep to avoid a smothering crib death

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21
Q

genes play a major role in

A

motor development

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22
Q

infantile amnesia

A

memories prior to age 3 were not remembered

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23
Q

Learning may be present even at age

A

3 months

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24
Q

schema

A

A concept/mental mold interprets information

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25
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreingt new experiences into existing schemas

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26
Q

Accomodation

A

Adapting our current understandings/schemas to incorporate new information

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27
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

babies take in the world through senses and actions- (Piaget)

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28
Q

object permanence

A

awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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29
Q

preoperational stage

A

Child learns language but does not understand mental logic operations- Piaget

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30
Q

Conservation

A

Principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain despite object form changing- Piaget

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31
Q

egocentrism

A

child’s difficult to view something the same as another’s perception- piaget

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32
Q

theory of mind

A

infer other’s mental states: feelings, perceptions and thoughts they may predict

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33
Q

concrete operational stage occurs in ages

A

Around 6 to 11

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34
Q

Concrete operational stage allows

A

individuals to grasp conservation and to think logically regarding events and mental operations- Piaget

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35
Q

formal operational stage

A

systematical reasoning; if this then that- abstract concepts- Piaget

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36
Q

Formal operational stage typically beings at

A

age 12

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37
Q

Autism symptoms

A

deficient, communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind

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38
Q

stranger anxiety

A

fear of strangers displayed by infants

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39
Q

stranger anxiety is displayed at

A

8 months

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40
Q

attachment

A

emotional tie often with caregiver

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41
Q

critical period occurs in

A

animals

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42
Q

critical period

A

time after birth where stimuli occur to result in proper devlopment

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43
Q

imprinting

A

some animals process of forming attachments during a critical period

44
Q

temperament

A

emotional reactivity/intensity

45
Q

basic trust

A

sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy- Erikson

46
Q

authoritarian parenting

A

impose strict rules and demanding obedience

47
Q

self-concept

A

understanding/evaluation of who we as individuals are

48
Q

self-concept is achieved at age

A

12

49
Q

Permissive parenting

A

make few demands, use little punishment and submit to childrens’ desires

50
Q

Authoritative

A

Exert control by setting/enforcing rules, expalin reason for rules and encourage open discussion to allow exceptions

51
Q

family self

A

feeling that what shames a child shames a family and vice versa

52
Q

gender

A

biological/social characteristics which define male or female

53
Q

agression

A

physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

54
Q

when a y chromosome is paired with an x chromosome

A

the baby is a boy

55
Q

two x chromosomes result in

A

a baby girl

56
Q

females have

A

2 x chromosomes

57
Q

makes have

A

y chromosomes and 1 x chromosome

58
Q

testosterone

A

males excess amount stimulates the growth of sex organs in the fetus and development during puberty

59
Q

role

A

expected behaviors for those who occupy a certain social position

60
Q

gender roles

A

expectations for how men and women should behave

61
Q

gender identity

A

our sense of being male or female

62
Q

gender typed

A

acquisition of a more masculine/feminine role

63
Q

social learning theory

A

we learn social behavior by observing/imitating and through punishment/reward

64
Q

adolescence

A

transition period from childhood to adulthood- puberty to independence

65
Q

puberty

A

sexual maturation; individual is able to reproduce

66
Q

primary sex characteristics include

A

genitalia, pvaries, testes- sexual reproduction organs

67
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

non-reproductive characteristics include: breasts, hips and body har

68
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period

69
Q

preconventional morality

A

focuses on self interest

70
Q

preconventional morality occurs

A

before age 9

71
Q

conventional morality

A

upholding laws/social rules because they are there

72
Q

postconventional moraltiy

A

actions are correct based on ethical principles

73
Q

identity

A

sense of self by testing various roles- Erikson

74
Q

social identity

A

understanding who we are by identifying our membership in a group- Erikson

75
Q

intimacy

A

ability to form loving relationships primary developmental task during late adolescence and early adulthood- Erikson

76
Q

emerging adulthood

A

bridge gape between adolescent dependence and full independence/responsible adulthood

77
Q

menopause

A

natural cessation of menstruation/biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

78
Q

With Alzheimers disease

A

Memory deteriorates followed by reasoning

79
Q

cross-sectional study

A

people of different ages are compared

80
Q

longitudinal study

A

the same people are restudied/retested over a long period of time

81
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

accumulate knowledge/verabal skills- increases with age

82
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to reason quickly and abstractly- declines with age

83
Q

social clock

A

culturally preferred time for life events to occur- example when you should retire or get married

84
Q

generativity

A

productive/supportive of future generations

85
Q

social clock

A

culturally preferred time for life events to occur- example when you should bear children or get married

86
Q

generativity

A

productive/supportive of future generations

87
Q

embryo

A

developing human embryo

88
Q

Basic trust is formed during __________ and depends on interaction/response to ____________

A

Infancy by experiences with responsive caregivers

89
Q

Social Learning Theory States:

A

We learn sepcial behavior by observing and imitating and by being punished or rewarded

90
Q

Strange Situation Experiment was designed by

A

Mary Ainsworth

91
Q

What happened in the strange situation experiment

A

Involved artificial monkeys designed as wirey or clozy. To see whihc was more soothing/preferable to a real monkey; when their real mother was not around

92
Q

From the Strange Situation

A

Ainsworth concluded sensetive/unsensitive parents alter their child’s attachment

93
Q

Responsive mothers infants demonstrate

A

secure attachment

94
Q

Unresponsive Carefree mothers infants demonstrate

A

insecure attachment

95
Q

Secure attachment

A

Infants are upset when caregiver leaves and happy when they return; show that they have a long-term relationship

96
Q

Diana Baumrind experimented on

A

self esteem as a result of parenting styles

97
Q

self- esteem, self-reliance. social competance are the highest when raised with

A

authoriative parents

98
Q

permissive parenting often results in

A

immaturity/agressive

99
Q

authoritarian parenting often results in

A

lower self-esteem poor social skills

100
Q

Erik Erikson known for 2 basics of adulthood:

A

intimacy/generativity- psychological development

101
Q

Carol Gilligan experimented with

A

gender differences

102
Q

male answer syndrome

A

reciting a hazard answer instead of admitting they dont know

103
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Artificial monkey experiment to portray attachment results

104
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Development of moral reasoning/moral ladder

105
Q

Lorenz Konrad

A

Explored imprinting; experimented by being the first thing ducklings saw and they followed him and the same when an object appeared first. Revealing imprinting occurs only in animals and is a process of forming attachments

106
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Children develop through stages/moral judgments are built in cognitive development

107
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

Sociocultural theory of how children learn based on society

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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