Chapter 9 Flashcards
Developmental Psychology Studies
How individuals develop:
- Cognitively
- Physically
- Socially
Nature Vs. Nurture
How genetics influence our experiences and development
Zygote
Fertilized egg
Less than half zygotes survive
the first two weeks
Following cell division the zygote becomes an
embryo
9 weeks after conception the embryo becomes a
fetus
Placenta has
Formed at the zygotes outer cells and attached to the uterine wall
Placenta is responsible
Transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus; and screen potentially harmful substances
Teratogens
chemicals/viruses which may cause harm to prenatal development
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical/cognitive abnormalities caused by pregnant mother’s heavy drinking
habituation
Decrease in infants response with repetition of same stimulus
Habituation results in infants interest to
fade resulting in them looking away
Infants focus first on
the face not the body
Human brains are
immature at birth
Association areas are the
last cortical areas to develop
Association areas:
thinking, memory, and language
maturation
growth process enabling orderly changes in behavior
maturation is uninfluenced
by experience
cognition
mental activities associated with: thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
back-to-sleep position
Placing babies on their backs to sleep to avoid a smothering crib death
genes play a major role in
motor development
infantile amnesia
memories prior to age 3 were not remembered
Learning may be present even at age
3 months
schema
A concept/mental mold interprets information
Assimilation
Interpreingt new experiences into existing schemas
Accomodation
Adapting our current understandings/schemas to incorporate new information
sensorimotor stage
babies take in the world through senses and actions- (Piaget)
object permanence
awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
preoperational stage
Child learns language but does not understand mental logic operations- Piaget
Conservation
Principle that properties such as mass, volume and number remain despite object form changing- Piaget
egocentrism
child’s difficult to view something the same as another’s perception- piaget
theory of mind
infer other’s mental states: feelings, perceptions and thoughts they may predict
concrete operational stage occurs in ages
Around 6 to 11
Concrete operational stage allows
individuals to grasp conservation and to think logically regarding events and mental operations- Piaget
formal operational stage
systematical reasoning; if this then that- abstract concepts- Piaget
Formal operational stage typically beings at
age 12
Autism symptoms
deficient, communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mind
stranger anxiety
fear of strangers displayed by infants
stranger anxiety is displayed at
8 months
attachment
emotional tie often with caregiver
critical period occurs in
animals
critical period
time after birth where stimuli occur to result in proper devlopment
imprinting
some animals process of forming attachments during a critical period
temperament
emotional reactivity/intensity
basic trust
sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy- Erikson
authoritarian parenting
impose strict rules and demanding obedience
self-concept
understanding/evaluation of who we as individuals are
self-concept is achieved at age
12
Permissive parenting
make few demands, use little punishment and submit to childrens’ desires
Authoritative
Exert control by setting/enforcing rules, expalin reason for rules and encourage open discussion to allow exceptions
family self
feeling that what shames a child shames a family and vice versa
gender
biological/social characteristics which define male or female
agression
physical/verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
when a y chromosome is paired with an x chromosome
the baby is a boy
two x chromosomes result in
a baby girl
females have
2 x chromosomes
makes have
y chromosomes and 1 x chromosome
testosterone
males excess amount stimulates the growth of sex organs in the fetus and development during puberty
role
expected behaviors for those who occupy a certain social position
gender roles
expectations for how men and women should behave
gender identity
our sense of being male or female
gender typed
acquisition of a more masculine/feminine role
social learning theory
we learn social behavior by observing/imitating and through punishment/reward
adolescence
transition period from childhood to adulthood- puberty to independence
puberty
sexual maturation; individual is able to reproduce
primary sex characteristics include
genitalia, pvaries, testes- sexual reproduction organs
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive characteristics include: breasts, hips and body har
menarche
first menstrual period
preconventional morality
focuses on self interest
preconventional morality occurs
before age 9
conventional morality
upholding laws/social rules because they are there
postconventional moraltiy
actions are correct based on ethical principles
identity
sense of self by testing various roles- Erikson
social identity
understanding who we are by identifying our membership in a group- Erikson
intimacy
ability to form loving relationships primary developmental task during late adolescence and early adulthood- Erikson
emerging adulthood
bridge gape between adolescent dependence and full independence/responsible adulthood
menopause
natural cessation of menstruation/biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
With Alzheimers disease
Memory deteriorates followed by reasoning
cross-sectional study
people of different ages are compared
longitudinal study
the same people are restudied/retested over a long period of time
crystallized intelligence
accumulate knowledge/verabal skills- increases with age
fluid intelligence
ability to reason quickly and abstractly- declines with age
social clock
culturally preferred time for life events to occur- example when you should retire or get married
generativity
productive/supportive of future generations
social clock
culturally preferred time for life events to occur- example when you should bear children or get married
generativity
productive/supportive of future generations
embryo
developing human embryo
Basic trust is formed during __________ and depends on interaction/response to ____________
Infancy by experiences with responsive caregivers
Social Learning Theory States:
We learn sepcial behavior by observing and imitating and by being punished or rewarded
Strange Situation Experiment was designed by
Mary Ainsworth
What happened in the strange situation experiment
Involved artificial monkeys designed as wirey or clozy. To see whihc was more soothing/preferable to a real monkey; when their real mother was not around
From the Strange Situation
Ainsworth concluded sensetive/unsensitive parents alter their child’s attachment
Responsive mothers infants demonstrate
secure attachment
Unresponsive Carefree mothers infants demonstrate
insecure attachment
Secure attachment
Infants are upset when caregiver leaves and happy when they return; show that they have a long-term relationship
Diana Baumrind experimented on
self esteem as a result of parenting styles
self- esteem, self-reliance. social competance are the highest when raised with
authoriative parents
permissive parenting often results in
immaturity/agressive
authoritarian parenting often results in
lower self-esteem poor social skills
Erik Erikson known for 2 basics of adulthood:
intimacy/generativity- psychological development
Carol Gilligan experimented with
gender differences
male answer syndrome
reciting a hazard answer instead of admitting they dont know
Harry Harlow
Artificial monkey experiment to portray attachment results
Lawrence Kohlberg
Development of moral reasoning/moral ladder
Lorenz Konrad
Explored imprinting; experimented by being the first thing ducklings saw and they followed him and the same when an object appeared first. Revealing imprinting occurs only in animals and is a process of forming attachments
Jean Piaget
Children develop through stages/moral judgments are built in cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky
Sociocultural theory of how children learn based on society
