Chapter 8 Part 1 Reading Quiz Flashcards
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
Instinct theory was replaced by
the evolutionary perspective
evolutionary perspective focuses on
genetically predisposed behaviors
Drive-reduction theory focuses on
inner pushes and external pulls interact
Arousal theory focuses on
finding the right level of stimulation
Hierarchy of needs was created by
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of needs explains
how some of our needs take priority over others
when people criticized themselves
self-abasement instinct
when people boasted
self-assertion iinstinct
instinct
behavior which shows pattern through out a species and is innate
homeostasis
maintenance of a steady interal state
drive-reduction theory
idea of a physiological need creating an aroused tension stat that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
incentives
positive or negation environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
physiological needs
satisfy hunger & thirst
safety needs
need for the world to feel organized/predictable and that you are safe
belongingness/love needs
need to loved, accepted, and to avoid separation/loneliness
esteem needs
self esteem achievement independence competence respect from others
self-actualization needs
need to live up to our fullest/unique potential
self-transcendence needs
need to find meaning/identity beyond the self
glucose
sugar circulates in the blood and provides a source of energy for body tissues
when glucose levels are low
we feel hunger
ghrelin
a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach
obestatin
sends out a fullness signal that suppresses hunger
leptin
a protein which is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food
set point
an individuals weight thermostat
when the body falls below the set point
there is an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
basal metabolic rate
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
neophobia
dislike of unfamiliar things
Anorexia nerovsa
individual diets significantly yet still feels fat
individuals with anorexia nervosa are
15% underweight
when anorexia girls
starve/diet
individuals with bulimia nervosa
purge/vomit
binge-eating disorder
significantly binge eat followed by remorse but do not fast,purge or exercise excessively
social cultural influences on eating behavior
- culturally learned taste preferences
- responses to cultural preference for appearance
biological influences on eating behavior
- appetite hormones
- stomach pangs
- weight set/set point
- attraction sweet/salty tastes
- adaptive wariness to novel foods
- hypothalamic centers monitoring appetite
heritability
genetic influences on individual differences
sexual response cycle
four stages of sexual responding
four stages in sexual response cycle
- excitement
- plateau
- orgasm
- resolution
refractory period
a resting period after orgasm
men may not have an other orgasm for up to
a day
estrogen
sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females
in nonhuman mammal estrogen peaks during
ovulation- promoting sexual receptivity
testosterone
more in males which stimulates growth of sex organs and sex characteristics
biological influences of sexual motivation
- sexual maturity
- sex hormones- testosterone
- sexual orientation
psychological influences of sexual motivation
- exposure to stimulating conditions
- sexual fantasies
socialcultural influences of sexual motivation
- family/society values
- religious/personal values
- cultural expectations
- media
sexual orientation
gay or straight
asexual
having never felt sexually attracted to anyone
fraternal birth order effect
the more older brothers the more likely the child is homosexual
ostracism
social exclusion
Cannon-Bard theory
Theory that emotion arousing stimuli trigger physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
James-Lange Theory
Theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of out physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
Two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
emotion responses involved
a whole organism
emotion is illustrated by
physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience
James-Lange Theory
experience of emotion follows our physiological response
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers our physiological response and experience of emotion
Two-factor theory is also called
The Schachter-Singer Theory
Two- Factor theory proposes
to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
autonomic nervous system
mobilizes your body for action and calms following crisis
sympathetic divsion
directs your adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
epiniphrine is the same as
adrenaline
norepinephrine is the same as
noradrenaline
polygraphs are frequently used
machines used to detect lies
polygrpah
measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
arousal fuels emotion while
cognition channels it
spill-over effect
arousal response effects our next response by (spilling over)
empathy
you identify with others and imagine what it must be like to walk in their shoes
emotional display rules
expressing more emotion to fellow group members than outsiders
biological influences of emotion
- physiological arousal
- evolutionary adaptiveness
- brain pathways
- spillover effect
psychological influences of emotion
- cognitive labeling
- gender differences
social-cultural influences
- expressiveness
- presence of others
- cultural expectations
facial feedback
effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions; as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intesifies feelings of anger or happiness
critical period
time shortly after birth; effects the development of baby birds because they are imprinting- forming attachments with the first things they come in contact with
Fluid intelligence
ability to reason speedily and abstractedly- decreases during later adulthood
James-Lange
we experience physiological response (body language) before realizing emotion (fear)- often main motivation for fear
unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)
original cause of reaction/response
unconditioned stimulus example
oysters; which in turn caused them to be sick (unconditioned response)
conditioned stimulus
what is paired with unconditioned stimulus to create same response
conditioned stimulus
ex: someone who eats oysters and becomes sick the following time they smell oysters and they would get a similar reaction because of their prior association.
unconditioned/conditioned stimuli generally
cause us to form associations between stimuli
refractory period in neural firing
time after neural firing where action potential can not occur- helps our neurons to return to their resting potential
action potential
a neural impulse/ which may transfer information
sound localization
where we identify the localization of a certain sound; directs our attention towards different noise making stimuli
spontaneous recovery
sudden experience of a previously extinguished response; old habits may reoccur after relapsing
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to create new memories after an incident; prominent in elderly/ amnesia victims and those involved in accidents which impacted their brain.
