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AP Psychology > Chapter 8 Part 1 Reading Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Part 1 Reading Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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2
Q

Instinct theory was replaced by

A

the evolutionary perspective

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3
Q

evolutionary perspective focuses on

A

genetically predisposed behaviors

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4
Q

Drive-reduction theory focuses on

A

inner pushes and external pulls interact

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5
Q

Arousal theory focuses on

A

finding the right level of stimulation

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6
Q

Hierarchy of needs was created by

A

Abraham Maslow

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7
Q

Hierarchy of needs explains

A

how some of our needs take priority over others

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8
Q

when people criticized themselves

A

self-abasement instinct

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9
Q

when people boasted

A

self-assertion iinstinct

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10
Q

instinct

A

behavior which shows pattern through out a species and is innate

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11
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a steady interal state

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12
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

idea of a physiological need creating an aroused tension stat that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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13
Q

incentives

A

positive or negation environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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14
Q

physiological needs

A

satisfy hunger & thirst

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15
Q

safety needs

A

need for the world to feel organized/predictable and that you are safe

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16
Q

belongingness/love needs

A

need to loved, accepted, and to avoid separation/loneliness

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17
Q

esteem needs

A 
self esteem
achievement
independence
competence
respect from others
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18
Q

self-actualization needs

A

need to live up to our fullest/unique potential

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19
Q

self-transcendence needs

A

need to find meaning/identity beyond the self

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20
Q

glucose

A

sugar circulates in the blood and provides a source of energy for body tissues

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21
Q

when glucose levels are low

A

we feel hunger

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22
Q

ghrelin

A

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

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23
Q

obestatin

A

sends out a fullness signal that suppresses hunger

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24
Q

leptin

A

a protein which is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

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25
set point
an individuals weight thermostat
26
when the body falls below the set point
there is an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
27
basal metabolic rate
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
28
neophobia
dislike of unfamiliar things
29
Anorexia nerovsa
individual diets significantly yet still feels fat
30
individuals with anorexia nervosa are
15% underweight
31
when anorexia girls
starve/diet
32
individuals with bulimia nervosa
purge/vomit
33
binge-eating disorder
significantly binge eat followed by remorse but do not fast,purge or exercise excessively
34
social cultural influences on eating behavior
- culturally learned taste preferences | - responses to cultural preference for appearance
35
biological influences on eating behavior
- appetite hormones - stomach pangs - weight set/set point - attraction sweet/salty tastes - adaptive wariness to novel foods - hypothalamic centers monitoring appetite
36
heritability
genetic influences on individual differences
37
sexual response cycle
four stages of sexual responding
38
four stages in sexual response cycle
- excitement - plateau - orgasm - resolution
39
refractory period
a resting period after orgasm
40
men may not have an other orgasm for up to
a day
41
estrogen
sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females
42
in nonhuman mammal estrogen peaks during
ovulation- promoting sexual receptivity
43
testosterone
more in males which stimulates growth of sex organs and sex characteristics
44
biological influences of sexual motivation
- sexual maturity - sex hormones- testosterone - sexual orientation
45
psychological influences of sexual motivation
- exposure to stimulating conditions | - sexual fantasies
46
socialcultural influences of sexual motivation
- family/society values - religious/personal values - cultural expectations - media
47
sexual orientation
gay or straight
48
asexual
having never felt sexually attracted to anyone
49
fraternal birth order effect
the more older brothers the more likely the child is homosexual
50
ostracism
social exclusion
51
Cannon-Bard theory
Theory that emotion arousing stimuli trigger physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion
52
James-Lange Theory
Theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of out physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli
53
Two-factor theory
Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
54
emotion responses involved
a whole organism
55
emotion is illustrated by
physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience
56
James-Lange Theory
experience of emotion follows our physiological response
57
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers our physiological response and experience of emotion
58
Two-factor theory is also called
The Schachter-Singer Theory
59
Two- Factor theory proposes
to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
60
autonomic nervous system
mobilizes your body for action and calms following crisis
61
sympathetic divsion
directs your adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
62
epiniphrine is the same as
adrenaline
63
norepinephrine is the same as
noradrenaline
64
polygraphs are frequently used
machines used to detect lies
65
polygrpah
measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
66
arousal fuels emotion while
cognition channels it
67
spill-over effect
arousal response effects our next response by (spilling over)
68
empathy
you identify with others and imagine what it must be like to walk in their shoes
69
emotional display rules
expressing more emotion to fellow group members than outsiders
70
biological influences of emotion
- physiological arousal - evolutionary adaptiveness - brain pathways - spillover effect
71
psychological influences of emotion
- cognitive labeling | - gender differences
72
social-cultural influences
- expressiveness - presence of others - cultural expectations
73
facial feedback
effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions; as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intesifies feelings of anger or happiness
74
critical period
time shortly after birth; effects the development of baby birds because they are imprinting- forming attachments with the first things they come in contact with
75
Fluid intelligence
ability to reason speedily and abstractedly- decreases during later adulthood
76
James-Lange
we experience physiological response (body language) before realizing emotion (fear)- often main motivation for fear
77
unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)
original cause of reaction/response
78
unconditioned stimulus example
oysters; which in turn caused them to be sick (unconditioned response)
79
conditioned stimulus
what is paired with unconditioned stimulus to create same response
80
conditioned stimulus
ex: someone who eats oysters and becomes sick the following time they smell oysters and they would get a similar reaction because of their prior association.
81
unconditioned/conditioned stimuli generally
cause us to form associations between stimuli
82
refractory period in neural firing
time after neural firing where action potential can not occur- helps our neurons to return to their resting potential
83
action potential
a neural impulse/ which may transfer information
84
sound localization
where we identify the localization of a certain sound; directs our attention towards different noise making stimuli
85
spontaneous recovery
sudden experience of a previously extinguished response; old habits may reoccur after relapsing
86
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to create new memories after an incident; prominent in elderly/ amnesia victims and those involved in accidents which impacted their brain.

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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