Chapter 13 Flashcards
biomedical therapy
a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient’s nervous system
psychotherapy
a trained therapist uses psychological techniques to assist someone seeking to overcome dificultiies or achieve personal growth
eclectic approach
using a bled of therapies
psychotherapy integration
combines a selection of assorted techniques into a single coherent system
psychoanalysis was a therapeutic technique performed by
Sigmund Frued
psychoanalysis believes
free associations, resistances, dreams and transference, and therapists interpretations will release previously repressed feeling allowing patient to gain self-insight
resistance
occurs in psychoanalysis- blocking from consciousness of anxiety laden material
intrepret
occurs in psychoanalysis- the analysts noting of supposed dream meanings/resistance/other behaviors to promote insight
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
dream analysis
suggesting a dreams meaning
humanistic therapists focus on
- the present/future more than the past
- conscious thoughts
- taking immediate responsibility for feelings/actions
- promoting growth instead of curing illness
carl rogers created
client-centered therapy
client centered therapy
humanistic therapy- therapist uses techniques such as active listening with a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
active listening
echoic, restating, and seeking clarification of what the person expresses and acknowledging expressed feelings- non-verbally/verbally
non-directive therapy
the therapist listens without judging/interpreting and seeks to refrain from direction client towards certain insights
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, non-judmental attitude in which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
three hints:
- paraphrase
- invite clarification
- reflect feelings
counter-conditioning
behavior therapy uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors
exposure therapies & aversive conditioning are
counter-conditioning techniques
exposure therapies are the most
widely used type of behavior therapies
exposure therapies
treat anxiety by exposing people in through both imagination or actuality to the things they fear and avoid
systematic desensitization
exposure therapy- associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
systematic desensitization is commonly used when treating
phobias
progressive relaxation
relaxing one muscle group after another, then imagine an anxiety aroused situation and raising your finger when feeling tension. You would return to a relaxed state, the scene is repeatedly paired with relaxation until you feel no trace of anxiety
virtual reality exposure therapy
anxiety treatment- progressively exposes people to stimulations of their greatest fears
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
aversive conditioning example
associating feelings of nausea with the unwanted behavior of drinking alcohol
aversive conditioning seeks to
condition an aversion to something the person should avoid
behavior modification
reinforcing desired behaviors, withholding reinforcement or enacting punishment for undesired behaviors
token economy
operant conditioning procedure- people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting desired behavior and cln later exchenge tokens for various privileges/treats
behavior modification critic views:
- will individuals become dependent on extrinsic rewards
- is it ethically right for one human to control another humans behavior
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking/acting
cognitive therapy is based on the assumption that
thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reaction
stress inoculation therapy
teaching people how to restructure their thinking in stressful situations
cognitive-behavioral therapy
to alter how individuals both think and act
cognitivie behavior therapy changes
self-defeating thinking while changing behavior
in family therapy the family is treated as a
system
family therapy
views and individuals unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members
psychodynamic therapy the assumed problem is
unconscious forces & childhood expereinces
client-centered therapy assumed problem is
barriers to self understanding and acceptance
behavior therapy assumed problem is
maladaptive behaviors
cognitive therapy assumed problem is
negative, self-defeating thinking
family therapy assumed problem is
stressful relationships
psycho-dynamic therapy treats through
analysis/interpretation
client-centered therapy treats through
active listening/unconditional positive regard
behavior therapy treats through
- counterconditioning
- aversive conditioning
- desensitization
- operant conditioning
- exposure
cognitive therapy treats through
reveal and reverse self-blame
family
- understanding family social system
- exploring roles
- improving communication
client perceptions
- enter therapy in crisis
- clients may need to believe therapy was worth the effort
- clients generally speak kindly to therapists
regression toward the mean
tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average
meta-analysis
procedure for statistically combining the result of varying research studies
randomized clinical trials
researchers randomly assign people on a wait list to therapy or no therapy
placebo effect
the power of belief in treatment
unsupported therapies to avoid:
- energy therapies
- recovered-memory therapies
- rebirthing therapies
- facilitated communication
- crisis debriefing
evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best: - available research with
- clinical expertise
- patient characteristics/preferences
EMDR
eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
SAD
seasonal affective disorder
seasonal affective disorder is
the seasonal blahs of winter constitute a form of depression
the three elements shared by all forms of psychotherapy are:
- hope for demoralized people
- a new perspective on oneself and the world
- an empathic/trusting/caring relationship
hope for demoralized people
any therapy offers the expectation that with commitment form therapy seeker things will and can get better
a new perspective
offers a plausible explanation of symptoms and alternative way of looking at themselves/responding to the world
empathic/caring/trusting relationship lead to an emotional bond and a
therapeutic alliance
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications/medical procedures
biomedical therapy works directly on patients
nervous system
pscyopharmacology is the study of
effects of drugs on mind and behavior
antipsychotic drugs are used to treat
schizophrenia and other thought disorders
double-blind procedure
neither staff nor patients know which is the drug and which is the placebo
long-term us of antipsychotic drugs may result in
tardive dyskinesia
tardive dyskinesia
involuntary movements of
- facial muscles
- tongue
- limbs
atypical antipsychotics target
both dopamine & serotonin receptors
antipsychotic drugs target
dopamine
antipsychotic drugs dampen responsiveness to
irrelevant stimuli
antianxiety drugs are used to
control anxiety/agitiation
antianxiety drugs depress
central nervous system activity
antianxiety drugs are often used in cobination with
psychological therapy
standard drug treatment of anxiety disorders is
antidepressants
antidepressants increase availability of
norepinephrine/serotonin and neurotransmitters that elevate arousal
Prozac/Zoloft/Paxil are called
selective- serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (they slow the synaptic vacuuming of serotonin)
neruogenesis
the birth of new brain cells
the simple salt lithium can be an effective mood stabilizer for those suffering from
bipolar disorder
depakote has been effective in treating
epilepsy and episodes associated with bipolar disorder
ECT
Electroconvulsive therapy
electroconvulsive therapy is a
biomedical therapy
electroconvulsive therapy is used for
severely depressed patients
ECT causes a brief
electric current to be sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient
the effects of psychosurgery are
irreversible
psychosurgery
removes or destroys brain tissue
lobotomy procedures were used to
calm uncontrollably emotional/violent patients
lobotomy procedure cut
nerves connecting the frontal lobe to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain
lobotomys often resulted in a
permanently lethargic, immature, uncreative person
rTMS
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
rTMS
application or repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain
rTMS is used to
stimulate/suppress brain activity
biomedical therapies assume
mind and body are a unit
human beings are
an integrated bipolarpsychosocial system
reilence
the personal strength that helps individuals cope with stress and recover from adversity/trauma
psychiatrists are
physicians who may prescribe medications
psychiatrists often work in
private practice
clinical psychologists have their
PHD
some clinical psychologists work in
institutions/agenecies though others work in private practice
counselors specialize
in abuse/relationships
clinical/psychiatric social workers offer
psychotherapy toindiviudals with everyday personal/family problems
Irving Kirsch suggested antidepressants should only be prescribed to
severely depressed individuals
the results of psychotherapy are
irreversible
serial-position effect
our tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list
functional fixedness
tendency to think of things only in functions
operational definition
a statement of procedures used to define research variables
double-blind research
where both research participants and staff are ignorant about whether research participants have received a treatment or a placebo
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
myelin sheath
a layer of fatty tissues that encases fibers and neurons in the brain.
overjustification
when external rewards diminish intrinsic motivations
