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AP Psychology > Chapter 4 Unit Test Review! > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Unit Test Review! Flashcards

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1
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

minimum level of stimulation for detection 50 percent of the time

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2
Q

accomodation

A

when lens changes shape for focus

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3
Q

audition

A

sense of hearing

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4
Q

change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in environment

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5
Q

cochlea

A

fluid in ear assisting in releasing neural impulses

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6
Q

cochlea implant

A

device converting sound; sensorineural hearing loss

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7
Q

cones

A

retinal receptors focus on color, daylight and fine detail

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8
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

damage to middle ear

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9
Q

binocular cues

A

depth cues; two eyes

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10
Q

depth perception

A

ability to see objects in 3 dimensions

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11
Q

difference threshold

A

minimum stimulation to detect differences; 50 percent of the time

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12
Q

bottom-up processing

A

recognizing things in parts

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13
Q

Blind Spot

A

no receptors; inability to see

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14
Q

sensation

A

when we sense occurrences through receptors

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15
Q

pereception

A

our ability to process, organize and interpret sensory information

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16
Q

psychophysics

A

study of stimulus’ characters vs. how we perceive

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17
Q

stimulus

A

thing or event spiking reaction

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18
Q

middle ear

A

concentrates vibrations of eardrums contains: hammer, anvil and stirrup

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19
Q

subliminal

A

below individuals threshold of conscious awareness

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20
Q

top-down processing

A

construct perceptions on our experience and expectations

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21
Q

selective attention

A

focusing of conscious awareness on one particular stimulus

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22
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to only tend to one voice among many

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23
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see objects when attention is directed elsewhere

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24
Q

choice blindness

A

choosing a face and then believing you choice the image that was actually rejected

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25
Q

pop-out phenomenon

A

stimuli that demand attention, often don’t fit in

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26
Q

psychophysics

A

study between stimuli characteristics and intensity on our experience of them

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27
Q

signal detection theory

A

prediciting how and when we detect a faint signal amid noise. Assuming there is no absolute threshold

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28
Q

signal detection theory depends on:

A

experience, expectations, motivation and alertness

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29
Q

Weber’s law

A

to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage

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30
Q

sensory adaptation

A

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

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31
Q

transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy into another

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32
Q

wavelength

A

distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the next

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33
Q

hue

A

dimension of color determined by lights wavelength

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34
Q

intensity

A

amount of energy in light or sound wave

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35
Q

pupil

A

adjustable opening, where light enters the eye

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36
Q

iris

A

controls size of pupil, colored portion of eye

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37
Q

lens

A

transparent behind pupil changes shape to focus retina

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38
Q

amplitude

A

height of wavelengths/sound wave

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39
Q

vestibular sense

A

WHOLE body movement and position

40
Q

kinesthesis

A

position and movement of INDIVIDUAL body parts

41
Q

retina

A

layers of neurons begin processing visual information

42
Q

accommodation

A

eye’s lens changes shape to focus on near or odd objects

43
Q

rods

A

detect vision in dim light, when cones don’t respond

44
Q

optic nerve

A

nerve carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

45
Q

fovea

A

central focus point, around cones cluster

46
Q

feature detector

A

nerve cells responding to different specific features: edges, lines, angles. and movements

47
Q

supercell clusters

A

respond to complex patterns of information gathered from feature detectors

48
Q

parallel processing

A

processing of many parts of a problem simultaneously

49
Q

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

three types of color receptors (Processing Theory)

50
Q

color receptors for Young Helhmholtz trichromatic theory includes:

A

red, green and blue

51
Q

color-deficient vision

A

people who suffer form red-green deficiency

52
Q

opponent-process theory

A

we analyze terms in three sets of opposing colors

53
Q

opponent-process theory combinations

A

red-green
yellow-blue
white-black

54
Q

pitch

A

tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depending on frequency

55
Q

frequency

A

number of complete wavelengths passing point given a certain time

56
Q

inner ear

A

intermost part of ear contains: cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

57
Q

incoming vibrations in the middle ear

A

cause the cochleas membrane (oval window) to to vibrate

58
Q

auditory cortex

A

found in temporal lobe; processing what you hear

59
Q

place theory

A

that we hear different sounds depending on where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

60
Q

high frequencies produces (Place Theory)

A

large variations inner ear beginning of cochlea membrane

61
Q

low frequencies produce (Place Theory)

A

low frequencies at the end of the cochlea membrane

62
Q

Place theory explains how we

A

hear high pitched sounds

63
Q

frequency theory

A

the rate of neural impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches tones frequency, enabling pitch

64
Q

Frequency theory explains how

A

we hear low pitched sounds

65
Q

volley principle

A

alternating when neural impulses are sent

66
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

hearing loss caused by damage to receptor cells/auditory nerves

67
Q

gate-control theory

A

spinal chord contains a gate blocking pain signals, opened by small nerve fibers, closed by large fibers or information from the brain

68
Q

rubber hand illusion

A

researcher simultaneously touches volunteers real and fake hands, volunteer feels as though the fake hand is her own

69
Q

sensory interaction

A

one sense may influence anotther

70
Q

gestalt

A

organized as a whole, how psychologists emphasizes humans tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

71
Q

figure-ground

A

organization of visual field into objects…figures that stand out from the ground

72
Q

proximity

A

grouping nearby figures together

73
Q

similarity

A

we group similar figures together, columns of similar shapes

74
Q

continuity

A

smooth continuous patterns

75
Q

connectedness

A

uniform and linked

76
Q

closure

A

fill in gaps to create a complete/whole object

77
Q

retinal disparity

A

compares images from both eyes between two images

78
Q

monocular cues

A

depth cues for either eye alone

79
Q

relative height

A

percieving objects higher in our field of vison as farther away

80
Q

relative size

A

if we assume to objects are similar in size most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away

81
Q

interposition

A

if one object partially blocks another we perceive it as closer

82
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines/railroad tracks converge with distance

83
Q

light and shadow

A

dimmer objects appear farther away

84
Q

relative motion

A

object beyond fixation point appear to move backwards- those farther away the father they seem to move

85
Q

phi phenomenon

A

illusion of movement when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession

86
Q

perceptual constancy

A

perceiving objects as unchanging even as other conditions including retinal change

87
Q

color constancy

A

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if illumination alters wavelengths reflected by the object

88
Q

perceptual adaptation

A

in vision the ability to adjust to an artificial or displaced visual field

89
Q

perceptual set

A

mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

90
Q

esp (extrasensory perception)

A

includes telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition

91
Q

parapsychology

A

study of paranormal phenomena including esp and psychokinesis

92
Q

telepathy

A

mind to mind communication

93
Q

clairvoyance

A

perceiving remote events

94
Q

precognition

A

perceiving future events (death, outcome)

95
Q

Order of eye structure

A

cornea, iris, pupil lens, retina

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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