Chapter 4 Unit Test Review! Flashcards
1
Q
Absolute Threshold
A
minimum level of stimulation for detection 50 percent of the time
2
Q
accomodation
A
when lens changes shape for focus
3
Q
audition
A
sense of hearing
4
Q
change blindness
A
failing to notice changes in environment
5
Q
cochlea
A
fluid in ear assisting in releasing neural impulses
6
Q
cochlea implant
A
device converting sound; sensorineural hearing loss
7
Q
cones
A
retinal receptors focus on color, daylight and fine detail
8
Q
conduction hearing loss
A
damage to middle ear
9
Q
binocular cues
A
depth cues; two eyes
10
Q
depth perception
A
ability to see objects in 3 dimensions
11
Q
difference threshold
A
minimum stimulation to detect differences; 50 percent of the time
12
Q
bottom-up processing
A
recognizing things in parts
13
Q
Blind Spot
A
no receptors; inability to see
14
Q
sensation
A
when we sense occurrences through receptors
15
Q
pereception
A
our ability to process, organize and interpret sensory information
16
Q
psychophysics
A
study of stimulus’ characters vs. how we perceive
17
Q
stimulus
A
thing or event spiking reaction
18
Q
middle ear
A
concentrates vibrations of eardrums contains: hammer, anvil and stirrup
19
Q
subliminal
A
below individuals threshold of conscious awareness
20
Q
top-down processing
A
construct perceptions on our experience and expectations
21
Q
selective attention
A
focusing of conscious awareness on one particular stimulus
22
Q
cocktail party effect
A
ability to only tend to one voice among many
23
Q
inattentional blindness
A
failing to see objects when attention is directed elsewhere
24
Q
choice blindness
A
choosing a face and then believing you choice the image that was actually rejected
25
pop-out phenomenon
stimuli that demand attention, often don't fit in
26
psychophysics
study between stimuli characteristics and intensity on our experience of them
27
signal detection theory
prediciting how and when we detect a faint signal amid noise. Assuming there is no absolute threshold
28
signal detection theory depends on:
experience, expectations, motivation and alertness
29
Weber's law
to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage
30
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
31
transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another
32
wavelength
distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the next
33
hue
dimension of color determined by lights wavelength
34
intensity
amount of energy in light or sound wave
35
pupil
adjustable opening, where light enters the eye
36
iris
controls size of pupil, colored portion of eye
37
lens
transparent behind pupil changes shape to focus retina
38
amplitude
height of wavelengths/sound wave
39
vestibular sense
WHOLE body movement and position
40
kinesthesis
position and movement of INDIVIDUAL body parts
41
retina
layers of neurons begin processing visual information
42
accommodation
eye's lens changes shape to focus on near or odd objects
43
rods
detect vision in dim light, when cones don't respond
44
optic nerve
nerve carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
45
fovea
central focus point, around cones cluster
46
feature detector
nerve cells responding to different specific features: edges, lines, angles. and movements
47
supercell clusters
respond to complex patterns of information gathered from feature detectors
48
parallel processing
processing of many parts of a problem simultaneously
49
Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory
three types of color receptors (Processing Theory)
50
color receptors for Young Helhmholtz trichromatic theory includes:
red, green and blue
51
color-deficient vision
people who suffer form red-green deficiency
52
opponent-process theory
we analyze terms in three sets of opposing colors
53
opponent-process theory combinations
red-green
yellow-blue
white-black
54
pitch
tone's experienced highness or lowness; depending on frequency
55
frequency
number of complete wavelengths passing point given a certain time
56
inner ear
intermost part of ear contains: cochlea, semicircular canals and vestibular sacs
57
incoming vibrations in the middle ear
cause the cochleas membrane (oval window) to to vibrate
58
auditory cortex
found in temporal lobe; processing what you hear
59
place theory
that we hear different sounds depending on where the cochleas membrane is stimulated
60
high frequencies produces (Place Theory)
large variations inner ear beginning of cochlea membrane
61
low frequencies produce (Place Theory)
low frequencies at the end of the cochlea membrane
62
Place theory explains how we
hear high pitched sounds
63
frequency theory
the rate of neural impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches tones frequency, enabling pitch
64
Frequency theory explains how
we hear low pitched sounds
65
volley principle
alternating when neural impulses are sent
66
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to receptor cells/auditory nerves
67
gate-control theory
spinal chord contains a gate blocking pain signals, opened by small nerve fibers, closed by large fibers or information from the brain
68
rubber hand illusion
researcher simultaneously touches volunteers real and fake hands, volunteer feels as though the fake hand is her own
69
sensory interaction
one sense may influence anotther
70
gestalt
organized as a whole, how psychologists emphasizes humans tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
71
figure-ground
organization of visual field into objects...figures that stand out from the ground
72
proximity
grouping nearby figures together
73
similarity
we group similar figures together, columns of similar shapes
74
continuity
smooth continuous patterns
75
connectedness
uniform and linked
76
closure
fill in gaps to create a complete/whole object
77
retinal disparity
compares images from both eyes between two images
78
monocular cues
depth cues for either eye alone
79
relative height
percieving objects higher in our field of vison as farther away
80
relative size
if we assume to objects are similar in size most people perceive the one that casts the smaller retinal image as farther away
81
interposition
if one object partially blocks another we perceive it as closer
82
linear perspective
parallel lines/railroad tracks converge with distance
83
light and shadow
dimmer objects appear farther away
84
relative motion
object beyond fixation point appear to move backwards- those farther away the father they seem to move
85
phi phenomenon
illusion of movement when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in succession
86
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as other conditions including retinal change
87
color constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even if illumination alters wavelengths reflected by the object
88
perceptual adaptation
in vision the ability to adjust to an artificial or displaced visual field
89
perceptual set
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another
90
esp (extrasensory perception)
includes telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition
91
parapsychology
study of paranormal phenomena including esp and psychokinesis
92
telepathy
mind to mind communication
93
clairvoyance
perceiving remote events
94
precognition
perceiving future events (death, outcome)
95
Order of eye structure
cornea, iris, pupil lens, retina
