Chapter 14 Flashcards
herman Melville remarked
“we cannot live for ourselves alone”
social psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another
attribution theory
individuals explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or personality
fundamental attribution error
tendency for observers to underestimate the situation and to over estimate the impact of personality
disposition
personality
point to remember
our attributions to individuals’ dispositions or to their situations should be made carefully
attitudes
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs
attitudes often predispose our reactions to
objects, people and events
peripheral route persuasion
attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues
peripheral route persuasion
a speakers attractiveness
central route persuasion
attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
attitude follows
behavior
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one
moral actions strengthen
moral convictions
role
set of expectations/normalcies about a social position
roles define how an individual should
behave
cognitive dissonance theory
theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
dissonance
discomfort
cognitions
thoughts
cruel acts shape the
self
chameleon effect created by
tanya chartrand and john bargh
mood linkage
sharing up and down moods
chameleon effect refers to
individuals mimickjing others expression, postures and voice tones
empathy is a part of
automatic mimicry
conformity
adjusting ones behavior/thinking to coincide with a group standard
conformity increases when:
- individual is made to feel incompetent/insecure
- group consists of 3 +
- the group is unanimous
- individual admires groups status/attractiveness
- no prior commitment made
- others in group observe one’s behavior
- culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
normative social influence
results from a persons desire to gain approval/disapproval
information social influence
results from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about rerality
obedience is highest when:
- orders are directed from an authority figure
- authority figure is supported by a prestigious institution
- victim was depersonalized in distance
- no role models demonstrating defiance
social facillitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
when being observed we perform well-learned tasks
more quickly and accurately
when observed we perform unmastered tasks
less quickly and accurately
when completing tough tasks in the presence of others
people perform less well
social loafing
people in a group exert less effort when pooling their effort toward a common goal- individually not accountable
deindiviudation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity
deindividuation causes individuals to be less
self-conscious and less restrained when in a group situation
group polarization
people within a group discuss and idea that most either favor or oppose
when talking about racial issues in a group they may become
more predjudice
group think
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
groupthink may be fed by
conformity
self-justification
group polarization
over confidence
group think may include
- examining few alternatives
- selective gathering of information
- pressure to conform withing group
- withhold criticism
- collective rationalization
group think is prevented when
- leader welcomes various opinions
- invites experts critiques of developing plans
- assigns people to identify possible problems
culture
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group pf people and transmitted from one generation to the next
norms
rules for accepted and expected behaviors
personal space
portable buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
norms prescribe
proper behavior
personal control
power of the individual
social control
power of the situation
minority influence
power of one or two individuals to sway majorities
predjudice
prejudgement- unjustifiable and usually negative toward a group & its members
prejudice usually involves:
stereotyped beliefs
negative feelings
predisposition to discriminatory action
as overt prejudice wanes
subtle prejudice lingers
modern prejudice
rejecting immigrant minorities as job applicants for supposedly nonracial reasons
blame-the-victim dynamic
poverty breed are a higher crime rate, someone can then use the higher crime rate to justify continuing the discrimination
social identities
associate ourselves with certain group sand contrast ourselves with others
ingroup
us
outgroup
them
ingroup bias
favoring of ones own group
scapegoat theory
prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone else the blame
other-race effect
tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races
other-race effect also known as
cross-race effect, own-race bias
other-race effect emerges during
infancy 3-9months
agression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
just-world phenomenon
tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
y chromosomes increase
agression
high testosterone correlates with
irritability
assertiveness
impulsiveness
lower tolerance for frustration
aggression-prone people are more likely to
drink and become violent when intoxicated
frustration-aggression principle
principle that frustration-blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger which can generate aggression
aversive stimilu may evoke
hostility
aversive stimuli include:
physical pain personal insults foul odors hot temperatures cigarette smoke
rape myth
idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get swept away
social scripts
mental tapes for how to act-provided by our culture
catharsis hypothesis
idea that we feel better if we blow off steam
aggressive behavior biological influences
- genetic influences
- biochemical influences- testosterone/alcohol
- neural influences/severe head injury
aggressive behavior psychological influences
- dominating behaviors
- believing you’re drunk
- frustration
- aggressive role models
- rewards for aggressive behavior
dominating behaviors
boost testosterone levels in blood
aggressive social-cultural influences
- deindividuation
- challenging environmental factors
- parental models of aggression
- minimal father involvement
- being rejected from a group
- exposure to violent media
mere exposure effect
phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
proximity
geographic nearness
we perceive attractive people to be
healthier happier more sensitive more successful more socially skilled
attractive people are less likely to be viewed as
compassionate or honest
women are more attracted to
healthy looking men who appear dominant, mature and affluent
men are more attracted to women when women have
a youthful appearance
an averaged face is
attractive
reward theory of attraction
we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs
two-factor theory of emotion
emotions have two ingredients- physical arousal and cognitive appraisal and that arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another dependent on how we interpret/label the arousal
passionate love
aroused state of intense positive absorption in another
passionate love normally occurs
in the beginning of a love relationship
adrenaline makes the
heart grow fonder
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom are lives are intertwined
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
only help in situation if we
notice the incident
interpret it as an emergency
assume responsibilities for helping
diffusion of responsibility
single individuals were more likely to help when they believed they were the only ones aware; less helped when they figured others were around
bystander effect
any particular bystander was less likely to give aid with other bystanders present
social exchange theory
social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
reciprocity norm
expectation that we will help not hurt those who have helped them
social-responsibility norm
expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of goals, actions or ideas
social traps
situation in which conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their self-interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and vies the other side as evil and agressive
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fufillment
mutual betterment may be agreed upon through
regulations, communication and awareness of our responsibilities toward the community, nation and whole of humanity
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
GRIT stands for
Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction
GRIT
a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
