Chapter 14 Flashcards
1
Q
herman Melville remarked
A
“we cannot live for ourselves alone”
2
Q
social psychology
A
scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another
3
Q
attribution theory
A
individuals explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or personality
4
Q
fundamental attribution error
A
tendency for observers to underestimate the situation and to over estimate the impact of personality
5
Q
disposition
A
personality
6
Q
point to remember
A
our attributions to individuals’ dispositions or to their situations should be made carefully
7
Q
attitudes
A
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs
8
Q
attitudes often predispose our reactions to
A
objects, people and events
9
Q
peripheral route persuasion
A
attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues
10
Q
peripheral route persuasion
A
a speakers attractiveness
11
Q
central route persuasion
A
attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
12
Q
attitude follows
A
behavior
13
Q
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
A
tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one
14
Q
moral actions strengthen
A
moral convictions
15
Q
role
A
set of expectations/normalcies about a social position
16
Q
roles define how an individual should
A
behave
17
Q
cognitive dissonance theory
A
theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.
18
Q
dissonance
A
discomfort
19
Q
cognitions
A
thoughts
20
Q
cruel acts shape the
A
self
21
Q
chameleon effect created by
A
tanya chartrand and john bargh
22
Q
mood linkage
A
sharing up and down moods
23
Q
chameleon effect refers to
A
individuals mimickjing others expression, postures and voice tones
24
Q
empathy is a part of
A
automatic mimicry
25
conformity
adjusting ones behavior/thinking to coincide with a group standard
26
conformity increases when:
- individual is made to feel incompetent/insecure
- group consists of 3 +
- the group is unanimous
- individual admires groups status/attractiveness
- no prior commitment made
- others in group observe one's behavior
- culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
27
normative social influence
results from a persons desire to gain approval/disapproval
28
information social influence
results from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about rerality
29
obedience is highest when:
- orders are directed from an authority figure
- authority figure is supported by a prestigious institution
- victim was depersonalized in distance
- no role models demonstrating defiance
30
social facillitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
31
when being observed we perform well-learned tasks
more quickly and accurately
32
when observed we perform unmastered tasks
less quickly and accurately
33
when completing tough tasks in the presence of others
people perform less well
34
social loafing
people in a group exert less effort when pooling their effort toward a common goal- individually not accountable
35
deindiviudation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity
36
deindividuation causes individuals to be less
self-conscious and less restrained when in a group situation
37
group polarization
people within a group discuss and idea that most either favor or oppose
38
when talking about racial issues in a group they may become
more predjudice
39
group think
mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
40
groupthink may be fed by
conformity
self-justification
group polarization
over confidence
41
group think may include
- examining few alternatives
- selective gathering of information
- pressure to conform withing group
- withhold criticism
- collective rationalization
42
group think is prevented when
- leader welcomes various opinions
- invites experts critiques of developing plans
- assigns people to identify possible problems
43
culture
behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group pf people and transmitted from one generation to the next
44
norms
rules for accepted and expected behaviors
45
personal space
portable buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies
46
norms prescribe
proper behavior
47
personal control
power of the individual
48
social control
power of the situation
49
minority influence
power of one or two individuals to sway majorities
50
predjudice
prejudgement- unjustifiable and usually negative toward a group & its members
51
prejudice usually involves:
stereotyped beliefs
negative feelings
predisposition to discriminatory action
52
as overt prejudice wanes
subtle prejudice lingers
53
modern prejudice
rejecting immigrant minorities as job applicants for supposedly nonracial reasons
54
blame-the-victim dynamic
poverty breed are a higher crime rate, someone can then use the higher crime rate to justify continuing the discrimination
55
social identities
associate ourselves with certain group sand contrast ourselves with others
56
ingroup
us
57
outgroup
them
58
ingroup bias
favoring of ones own group
59
scapegoat theory
prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone else the blame
60
other-race effect
tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races
61
other-race effect also known as
cross-race effect, own-race bias
62
other-race effect emerges during
infancy 3-9months
63
agression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
64
just-world phenomenon
tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
65
y chromosomes increase
agression
66
high testosterone correlates with
irritability
assertiveness
impulsiveness
lower tolerance for frustration
67
aggression-prone people are more likely to
drink and become violent when intoxicated
68
frustration-aggression principle
principle that frustration-blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger which can generate aggression
69
aversive stimilu may evoke
hostility
70
aversive stimuli include:
```
physical pain
personal insults
foul odors
hot temperatures
cigarette smoke
```
71
rape myth
idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get swept away
72
social scripts
mental tapes for how to act-provided by our culture
73
catharsis hypothesis
idea that we feel better if we blow off steam
74
aggressive behavior biological influences
- genetic influences
- biochemical influences- testosterone/alcohol
- neural influences/severe head injury
75
aggressive behavior psychological influences
- dominating behaviors
- believing you're drunk
- frustration
- aggressive role models
- rewards for aggressive behavior
76
dominating behaviors
boost testosterone levels in blood
77
aggressive social-cultural influences
- deindividuation
- challenging environmental factors
- parental models of aggression
- minimal father involvement
- being rejected from a group
- exposure to violent media
78
mere exposure effect
phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
79
proximity
geographic nearness
80
we perceive attractive people to be
```
healthier
happier
more sensitive
more successful
more socially skilled
```
81
attractive people are less likely to be viewed as
compassionate or honest
82
women are more attracted to
healthy looking men who appear dominant, mature and affluent
83
men are more attracted to women when women have
a youthful appearance
84
an averaged face is
attractive
85
reward theory of attraction
we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs
86
two-factor theory of emotion
emotions have two ingredients- physical arousal and cognitive appraisal and that arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another dependent on how we interpret/label the arousal
87
passionate love
aroused state of intense positive absorption in another
88
passionate love normally occurs
in the beginning of a love relationship
89
adrenaline makes the
heart grow fonder
90
companionate love
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom are lives are intertwined
91
equity
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
92
self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
93
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
94
only help in situation if we
notice the incident
interpret it as an emergency
assume responsibilities for helping
95
diffusion of responsibility
single individuals were more likely to help when they believed they were the only ones aware; less helped when they figured others were around
96
bystander effect
any particular bystander was less likely to give aid with other bystanders present
97
social exchange theory
social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
98
reciprocity norm
expectation that we will help not hurt those who have helped them
99
social-responsibility norm
expectation that people will help those dependent upon them
100
conflict
a perceived incompatibility of goals, actions or ideas
101
social traps
situation in which conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their self-interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior
102
mirror-image perceptions
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and vies the other side as evil and agressive
103
self-fulfilling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fufillment
104
mutual betterment may be agreed upon through
regulations, communication and awareness of our responsibilities toward the community, nation and whole of humanity
105
superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
106
GRIT stands for
Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction
107
GRIT
a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
