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AP Psychology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

herman Melville remarked

A

“we cannot live for ourselves alone”

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2
Q

social psychology

A

scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another

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3
Q

attribution theory

A

individuals explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or personality

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4
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

tendency for observers to underestimate the situation and to over estimate the impact of personality

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5
Q

disposition

A

personality

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6
Q

point to remember

A

our attributions to individuals’ dispositions or to their situations should be made carefully

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7
Q

attitudes

A

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs

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8
Q

attitudes often predispose our reactions to

A

objects, people and events

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9
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues

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10
Q

peripheral route persuasion

A

a speakers attractiveness

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11
Q

central route persuasion

A

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

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12
Q

attitude follows

A

behavior

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13
Q

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

tendency for people who agree to a small action to comply later with a larger one

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14
Q

moral actions strengthen

A

moral convictions

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15
Q

role

A

set of expectations/normalcies about a social position

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16
Q

roles define how an individual should

A

behave

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17
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent.

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18
Q

dissonance

A

discomfort

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19
Q

cognitions

A

thoughts

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20
Q

cruel acts shape the

A

self

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21
Q

chameleon effect created by

A

tanya chartrand and john bargh

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22
Q

mood linkage

A

sharing up and down moods

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23
Q

chameleon effect refers to

A

individuals mimickjing others expression, postures and voice tones

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24
Q

empathy is a part of

A

automatic mimicry

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25
Q

conformity

A

adjusting ones behavior/thinking to coincide with a group standard

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26
Q

conformity increases when:

A
  • individual is made to feel incompetent/insecure
  • group consists of 3 +
  • the group is unanimous
  • individual admires groups status/attractiveness
  • no prior commitment made
  • others in group observe one’s behavior
  • culture strongly encourages respect for social standards
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27
Q

normative social influence

A

results from a persons desire to gain approval/disapproval

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28
Q

information social influence

A

results from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about rerality

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29
Q

obedience is highest when:

A
  • orders are directed from an authority figure
  • authority figure is supported by a prestigious institution
  • victim was depersonalized in distance
  • no role models demonstrating defiance
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30
Q

social facillitation

A

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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31
Q

when being observed we perform well-learned tasks

A

more quickly and accurately

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32
Q

when observed we perform unmastered tasks

A

less quickly and accurately

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33
Q

when completing tough tasks in the presence of others

A

people perform less well

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34
Q

social loafing

A

people in a group exert less effort when pooling their effort toward a common goal- individually not accountable

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35
Q

deindiviudation

A

loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity

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36
Q

deindividuation causes individuals to be less

A

self-conscious and less restrained when in a group situation

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37
Q

group polarization

A

people within a group discuss and idea that most either favor or oppose

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38
Q

when talking about racial issues in a group they may become

A

more predjudice

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39
Q

group think

A

mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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40
Q

groupthink may be fed by

A

conformity
self-justification
group polarization
over confidence

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41
Q

group think may include

A
  • examining few alternatives
  • selective gathering of information
  • pressure to conform withing group
  • withhold criticism
  • collective rationalization
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42
Q

group think is prevented when

A
  • leader welcomes various opinions
  • invites experts critiques of developing plans
  • assigns people to identify possible problems
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43
Q

culture

A

behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group pf people and transmitted from one generation to the next

44
Q

norms

A

rules for accepted and expected behaviors

45
Q

personal space

A

portable buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

46
Q

norms prescribe

A

proper behavior

47
Q

personal control

A

power of the individual

48
Q

social control

A

power of the situation

49
Q

minority influence

A

power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

50
Q

predjudice

A

prejudgement- unjustifiable and usually negative toward a group & its members

51
Q

prejudice usually involves:

A

stereotyped beliefs
negative feelings
predisposition to discriminatory action

52
Q

as overt prejudice wanes

A

subtle prejudice lingers

53
Q

modern prejudice

A

rejecting immigrant minorities as job applicants for supposedly nonracial reasons

54
Q

blame-the-victim dynamic

A

poverty breed are a higher crime rate, someone can then use the higher crime rate to justify continuing the discrimination

55
Q

social identities

A

associate ourselves with certain group sand contrast ourselves with others

56
Q

ingroup

A

us

57
Q

outgroup

A

them

58
Q

ingroup bias

A

favoring of ones own group

59
Q

scapegoat theory

A

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone else the blame

60
Q

other-race effect

A

tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races

61
Q

other-race effect also known as

A

cross-race effect, own-race bias

62
Q

other-race effect emerges during

A

infancy 3-9months

63
Q

agression

A

physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

64
Q

just-world phenomenon

A

tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

65
Q

y chromosomes increase

A

agression

66
Q

high testosterone correlates with

A

irritability
assertiveness
impulsiveness
lower tolerance for frustration

67
Q

aggression-prone people are more likely to

A

drink and become violent when intoxicated

68
Q

frustration-aggression principle

A

principle that frustration-blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger which can generate aggression

69
Q

aversive stimilu may evoke

A

hostility

70
Q

aversive stimuli include:

A 
physical pain
personal insults
foul odors
hot temperatures
cigarette smoke
71
Q

rape myth

A

idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get swept away

72
Q

social scripts

A

mental tapes for how to act-provided by our culture

73
Q

catharsis hypothesis

A

idea that we feel better if we blow off steam

74
Q

aggressive behavior biological influences

A
  • genetic influences
  • biochemical influences- testosterone/alcohol
  • neural influences/severe head injury
75
Q

aggressive behavior psychological influences

A
  • dominating behaviors
  • believing you’re drunk
  • frustration
  • aggressive role models
  • rewards for aggressive behavior
76
Q

dominating behaviors

A

boost testosterone levels in blood

77
Q

aggressive social-cultural influences

A
  • deindividuation
  • challenging environmental factors
  • parental models of aggression
  • minimal father involvement
  • being rejected from a group
  • exposure to violent media
78
Q

mere exposure effect

A

phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

79
Q

proximity

A

geographic nearness

80
Q

we perceive attractive people to be

A 
healthier
happier
more sensitive
more successful
more socially skilled
81
Q

attractive people are less likely to be viewed as

A

compassionate or honest

82
Q

women are more attracted to

A

healthy looking men who appear dominant, mature and affluent

83
Q

men are more attracted to women when women have

A

a youthful appearance

84
Q

an averaged face is

A

attractive

85
Q

reward theory of attraction

A

we will like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

86
Q

two-factor theory of emotion

A

emotions have two ingredients- physical arousal and cognitive appraisal and that arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another dependent on how we interpret/label the arousal

87
Q

passionate love

A

aroused state of intense positive absorption in another

88
Q

passionate love normally occurs

A

in the beginning of a love relationship

89
Q

adrenaline makes the

A

heart grow fonder

90
Q

companionate love

A

deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom are lives are intertwined

91
Q

equity

A

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

92
Q

self-disclosure

A

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

93
Q

altruism

A

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

94
Q

only help in situation if we

A

notice the incident
interpret it as an emergency
assume responsibilities for helping

95
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

single individuals were more likely to help when they believed they were the only ones aware; less helped when they figured others were around

96
Q

bystander effect

A

any particular bystander was less likely to give aid with other bystanders present

97
Q

social exchange theory

A

social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

98
Q

reciprocity norm

A

expectation that we will help not hurt those who have helped them

99
Q

social-responsibility norm

A

expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

100
Q

conflict

A

a perceived incompatibility of goals, actions or ideas

101
Q

social traps

A

situation in which conflicting parties by each rationally pursuing their self-interest become caught in mutually destructive behavior

102
Q

mirror-image perceptions

A

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and vies the other side as evil and agressive

103
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

a belief that leads to its own fufillment

104
Q

mutual betterment may be agreed upon through

A

regulations, communication and awareness of our responsibilities toward the community, nation and whole of humanity

105
Q

superordinate goals

A

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

106
Q

GRIT stands for

A

Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction

107
Q

GRIT

A

a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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