Chapter 3 Flashcards by Megan Pappalardo

Phrenology

Theory linking mental ability to bumps on skull

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A dendrite

is an extension of a neuron

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Basic building block of nervous system

neuron

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Message travels through a neuron in the

axon

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myelin sheath

fatty layer covers axon speeding up neural impulses

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neural impulse

brief electrical charge traveling down an axon carrying message

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synaptic gap

space in between neurons

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neurotransmitters

carry chemical messages

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Re-uptake

Reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters

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Ach purpose is

muscle movement

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Endorphins

are natural neurotransmitters in the brain

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Antogonists

block neurotransmitter activity

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Agonists

mimic neurotransmitters

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Nervous systems

control all systems

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Peripheral nervous systems

neurons linking brain and spinal cord to bodies sensory receptors, glands and muscles.

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Central nervous system

brain and spinal chord

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nerves

sensory and motor axons

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somatic system

controls skeletal muscles

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autonomic nervous system (automatically)

regulates glands, muscles and internal organs

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Sympathetic

Prepares for action (fight or flight) part of autonomic nervous system

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Parasympathetic

Calms body part of autonomic nervous system

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reflexes are

automatic responses to stimuli

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endocrine system

controls bodies chemical communications

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endocrine system secretes

hormones

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pituitary gland

releases hormones and regulates growth (puberty)

lesion

destroys brain tissue

split brain procedures

corpus callosum is cut

EEG

involves electrical sweeping of brain activity

CT Scan

only uses x-rays

PET Scans

measure brain activity using glucose

MRI

produces magnetic fields to produce image

FMRI

Uses blood flow to study brain activity

Brain Stem

controls basic survival functions- oldest part of brain- evolution

medulla

controls heartbeat and breathing- base of brain stem

Pons

controls movement- bulge on brain stem

reticular formation

controls information- inside brain stem

thalamus

receives info from all senses excluding smell

cerebellum

controls balance, rear of brain stem (ballet)

hippocampus

controls memory-limbic system (college days)

limbic system

located between brain-stem, and cerebral hemisphere

limbic system includes:

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus

Amygdala

controls agression and fear (Amy in pitch perfect)

Hypothalamus

controls hunger, thirst, body temperature, pituary glands, pleasure hypo (HYGIENE)

Cerebral Cortex

Bodies ultimate control system- thin layer of inter connected neural cells

glial cells

replenish, protect, support, neurals (glide toothbrush)

temporal lobes

auditory info from opposite fields

occipital lobes

eyes; visual field

frontal lobes

muscles movements, speaking, judgement

parietal lobes

receives sensory input for touch and body position

Aphasia

Impairment of language. Damage to - Weirnickes or - Brocas (Left hemisphere)

Action Potential

Neural impulse traveling down an axon

Who first described dual processing

Signing Freud

Facial recognition occurs in

Right hemisphere

Behavioral geneticists

Study of genetic limits and environmental influences

Broca's area

Controls language and expression | Frontal lobe

Adrenal glands

Arousal in times of stress located above kidneys

Cognitive neuroscience

Study of brain activity linked with cognition

Fraternal twins

Develop from two separate fertilized eggs

Genome

Genetic Instructions

Heritability

Genes attributed to individuals and their differences

Identical twins

Develop from one fertilized egg

Inter neurons communicate with

Sensory inputs and motor outputs

Neurogenesis

Creates new neurons

Plasticity

Brains ability to change after damage

Synapse

Junction between sending and receiving neuron

Weirnickes area

Involves language comprehension and expression (left hemisphere)

Dopamine

Influences movement, learning, attention as emotion

Serotonin.

Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal

Norepinephrine

Controls alertness and arousal

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter

Glutamate

Excitatory neurotransmitter involves memory

Too little serotonin

Can cause depression

Too lite norepinephrine

Can depress mood

Too little gamma-aminobutyric acid

Causes seizures, tremors, insomnia

Too much glutamate

Migraines, seizures due to an overstimulated brain

Ach with Alzheimer's

Neurons deteriorate

Too much dopamine

Tremors, decreased mobility and schizophrenia