Rapid Review: Renal/GU

Question 1

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) associated with abnormal H+ secretion and nephrolithiasis

Answer 1

Type I (distal) RTA

Question 2

RTA associated with abnormal HCO3 and rickets

Answer 2

Type II (proximal) RTA

Question 3

RTA associated with aldosterone defect

Answer 3

Type IV (also distal) RTA

Question 4

“Doughy” skin

Answer 4

Hypernatremia

Question 5

Differential of hypervolemic hyponatremia

Answer 5

Cirrhosis, CHF, nephritic syndrome

Question 6

Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs

Answer 6

Hypocalcemia

Question 7

The most common causes of hypercalcemia

Answer 7

Malignancy and hyperparathyroidism

Question 8

T-wave flattening and U waves

Answer 8

Hypokalemia

Question 9

Peaked T waves and widened QRS

Answer 9

Hyperkalemia

Question 10

First-line treatment for moderate hypercalcemia

Answer 10

IV hydration and loop diuretics (furosemide)

Question 11

Type of ARF in a patient with FeNa

Answer 11

Prerenal

Question 12

A 49 year old man presents with acute onset flank pain and hematuria

Answer 12

Nephrolithiasis

Question 13

The most common type of nephrolithiasis

Answer 13

Calcium oxalate

Question 14

A 20 year old man presents with a palpable flank mass and hematuria. US shows bilateral enlarged kidneys with cysts. Associated brain anomaly?

Answer 14

Cerebral berry aneurysms (autosomal dominant PCKD)

Question 15

Hematuria, hypertension, and oliguria

Answer 15

Nephritic syndrome

Question 16

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, hyperlipiduria, and edema

Answer 16

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 17

The most common form of nephrotic syndrome

Answer 17

Membranous glomerulonephritis

Question 18

The most common form of glomerulonephritis

Answer 18

IgA nephropathy (berger’s disease)

Question 19

Glomerulonephritis with deafness

Answer 19

Alport’s syndrome

Question 20

Glomerulonephritis with hemoptysis

Answer 20

Wegener’s granulomatosis and Goodpasture’s syndrome

Question 21

Presence of red cell casts in urine sediment

Answer 21

Glomerulonephritis/nephritic syndrome

Question 22

Eosinophils in urine sediment

Answer 22

Allergic interstitial nephritis

Question 23

Waxy casts in urine sediment and Maltese crosses (seen with lipiduria)

Answer 23

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 24

Drowsiness, asterixis, nausea, and a pericardial friction rub

Answer 24

Uremic syndrome seen in patients with renal failure

Question 25

A 55 year old man is diagnosed with prostate cancer. Treatment options?

Answer 25

Wait, surgical resection, radiation, and/or androgen suppression

Question 26

Low urine specific gravity in the presence of high serum osmolality

Answer 26

Diabetes insipidus

Question 27

Treatment of SIADH

Answer 27

Fluid restriction, demeclocycline

Question 28

Hematuria, flank pain, and palpable flank mass

Answer 28

Renal cell carcinoma

Question 29

Tresticular cancer associated with B-HCG, AFP

Answer 29

Choriocarcinoma

Question 30

The most common type of testicular cancer

Answer 30

Seminoma, a type of germ cell tumor

Question 31

The most common histology of bladder cancer

Answer 31

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 32

Complication of overly rapid correction of hyponatremia

Answer 32

Central pontine myelinolysis

Question 33

Salicylate ingestion causes what type of acid base disorder?

Answer 33

Anion gap acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis due to central respiratory stimulation

Question 34

Acid-base disturbance commonly seen in pregnant women

Answer 34

Respiratory alkalosis

Question 35

Three systemic diseases that lead to nephrotic syndrome

Answer 35

DM, SLE, amyloidosis

Question 36

Elevated EPO level, elevated hematocrit, and normal O2 saturation suggest what?

Answer 36

RCC or other erythropoietin producing tumor; evaluate with CT scan

Question 37

A 55 year old man presents with irritative and obstructive urinary symptoms. Treatment options?

Answer 37

Likely BBPH. Options include no treatment, terazosin, finasteride, and surgical intervention (TURP).