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STEP 2 > Rapid Review: Cardiology > Flashcards

Rapid Review: Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Classic ECG finding in atrial flutter

A

“Sawtooth” P waves

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2
Q

Definition of unstable angina

A

Angina that is new, worsening, or occurs at rest. Can have ECG changes but no cardiac enzyme abnormalities

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3
Q

Antihypertensive for a diabetic patient with proteinuria

A

ACE Inhibitor

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4
Q

Beck’s triad for cardiac tamponade

A

Hypotension, distant heart signs, and JVD

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5
Q

Drugs that slow heart rate

A

Beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, amiodarone

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6
Q

Hypercholesterolemia treatment that leads to flushing and pruritus

A

Niacin

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7
Q

Murmur-hypertrophic cardiomypoathy

A

A systolic ejection murmur heard along the lateral sternal border that increases with decreased preload (Valsalva)

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8
Q

Murmur-aortic insufficiency

A

Austin Flint murmur–diastolic, decrescendo, low-pitched, blowing murmur that is best heard sitting up; increases with increased afterload (handgrip)

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9
Q

Murmur-aortic stenosis

A

A systolic crescendo/decrescendo murmur that radiates to the neck; increases with increased preload (squatting)

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10
Q

Murmur-mitral regurgitation

A

A holosystolic murmur that radiates to the axilla; increases with increased afterload (handgrip)

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11
Q

Murmur–mitral stenosis

A

A diastolic, mid to late, low-pitched murmur preceded by an opening snap

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12
Q

Treatment for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter

A

In unstable, cardiovert. If stable or chronic, rate control with CCBs or Beta blockers

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13
Q

Treatment for ventricular fibrillation

A

Immediate cardioversion

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14
Q

Dressler’s syndrome

A

An autoimmune reaction with fever, pericarditis, and increased ESR occurring 2-4 weeks post-MI

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15
Q

IV drug use with JVD and a holosystolic mumur at the left sternal border. Treatment?

A

Bacterial endocarditis. Treat existing heart failure and replace tricuspid valve.

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16
Q

Diagnostic test of HCM

A

Echocardiogram

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17
Q

Pulsus paradoxus

A

A decrease in systolic BP of >10 with inspiration; seen in cardiac tamponade

18
Q

Classic ECG findings in pericarditis

A

Low-voltage, diffuse ST segment elevation

19
Q

Definition of hypertension

A

BP > 140/90 on 3 separate occasions 2 weeks apart

20
Q

Eight surgically correctable causes of hypertension

A

Renal artery stenosis, coarctation of the aorta, pheochromocytoma, Conn’s syndrome, Cushing’s syndrome, unilateral renal parenchymal disease, hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism

21
Q

Evaluation of a pulsatile abdominal mass and bruit

A

Abdominal ultrasound and CT

22
Q

Indications for surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

> 5.5 cm, rapidly enlarging, symptomatic, or ruptured

23
Q

Treatment for acute coronary syndrome

A

ASA, heparin, clopidogrel, morphine, O2, sublingual nitroglycerin, IV Beta blockers

24
Q

Metabolic syndrome

A

Abdominal obesity, high triglycerides, low HDL, hypertension, insulin resistance, prothrombotic or proinflammatory states

25
Q

Appropriate diagnostic test:

  • A 50 year old man with stable angina can exercise to 85% of maximum predicted heart rate
  • A 65 year old woman with LBBB and severe osteoarthritis has unstable angina
A
  • Exercise stress treadmill with ECG

- Pharmacologic stress test (dobutamine echo)

26
Q

Target LDL in a patient with diabetes

A
27
Q

Signs of active ischemia during stress testing

A

Angina, ST-segment changes on ECG, or decreased BP

28
Q

ECG findings suggesting MI

A

ST-segment elevation (depression means ischemia), flattened T waves, and Q waves

29
Q

Coronary territories in MI

A

Anterior wall (LAD/diagonal branches), inferior (PDA), posterior (left circumflex/oblique, RCA/marginal), septum (LAD/diagonal)

30
Q

A young patient with angina at rest and ST-segment elevation with normal cardiac enzymes

A

Prinzmetal’s angina

31
Q

Common symptoms associated with silent MIs

A

CHF, shock, and altered mental status

32
Q

Diagnostic test of PE

A

Spiral CT with contrast

33
Q

Reversal for heparin

A

Protamine sulfate

34
Q

The coagulation parameter affected by warfarin

A

Prothrombin time

35
Q

A young patient with a family history of sudden death collapses and dies while exercising

A

HCM

36
Q

Endocarditis prophylaxis regimens

A

Oral surgery–amoxicillin for certain situations; GI or GU procedures–not recommended

37
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial damage

38
Q

The most common cause of hypertension in young women

A

OCPs

39
Q

The most common cause of hypertension in young men

A

Excessive EtOH

40
Q

Figure 3 sign

A

Aortic coarctation

41
Q

Water-bottle-shaped heart

A

Pericardial effusion. Look for pulsus paradoxus

STEP 2 (27 decks)

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