Rapid Review: Pulmonary Flashcards
Risk factors for DVT
Stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability (Virchow’s triad)
Criteria for exudative effusion
Pleural/serum protein >.5; pleural/serum LDH >.6
Causes of exudative effusion
Think of leaky capillaries (usually due to inflammation). Malignancy, TB, bacterial or viral infection, PE with infarct, and pancreatitis
Causes of transudative effusion
Think of intact capillaries. CHF, liver or kidney disease, and protein-losing enteropathy.
Normalizing PCO2 in a patient having an asthma exacerbation may indicate?
Fatigue and impending respiratory failure
Sarcoidosis
Dyspnea, lateral hilar lymphadenopathy on CXR, noncaseating granulomas, increased ACE, and hypercalcemia
PFTs of obstructive pulmonary disease
Decreased FEV1/FVC (though usually still some decrease in FVC)
PFTs of restrictive pulmonary disease
Increased FEV1/FVC, decreased FVC, no decrease in FEV1, decreased TLC
Honeycomb pattern on CXR. Treatment
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Supportive care; steroids may help.
Treatment for SVC syndrome
Radiation
Treatment for mild persistent asthma
Inhaled Beta agonists and inhaled corticosteroids
Treat for COPD exacerbation
O2, bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids with taper, smoking cessation
Treatment for chronic COPD
Smoking cessation, home O2, Beta agonists, anticholinergics, systemic or inhaled corticosteroids, flu and pneumonia vaccines
Acid-base disorder in PE
Respiratory alkalosis with hypoxia and hypocarbia
Lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia
SCC
Lun g cancer highly related to cigarette exposure
Small cell
A tall caucasian man presents with acute shortness of breath. Diagnosis? Treatment?
Spontaneous pneumothorax. Spontaneous regression; supplemental O2 may be helpful.
Treatment of tension pneumothorax
Immediate needle thoracostomy
Characteristics favoring carcinoma in a pulmonary nodule
Age>45-50, lesions new or larger, absence of calcification or irregular calcification, size >2, irregular margins
ARDS
Hypoxemia and pulmonary edema with normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
Sequelae of asbestos exposure
Pulmonary fibrosis, pleural plaques, bronchogenic carcinoma, mesothelioma
Increased risk of what infection with silicosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes of hypoxemia
Right to left shunt, hypoventilation, low inspired O2 tension, diffusion defect, V/Q mismatch
Classic CXR findings of pulmonary edema
Cardiomegaly, prominent pulmonary vessels, Kerley B lines, “bat’s wing” appearance of hilar shadows, and perivascular and peribronchial cuffing
Westermark’s sign and Hamptom’s hump
CXR findings suggestive of PE