*random biology flashcards*

Question 1

Intramolecular forces

Answer 1

strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule

Question 2

Intermolecular forces

Answer 2

exist between molecules

Question 3

True or false: intramolecular forces are far weaker than intermolecular forces

Answer 3

False - intramolecular forces are much stronger

Question 4

Intermolecular forces are significant because:

Answer 4

they determine physical properties such as boiling point, melting point, density, etc.

Question 5

empirical formula for carbohydrates

Answer 5

(CH2O)n

Question 6

How would we label a ringed sugar that has its hydroxyl group pointing down?

Answer 6

Alpha. OH is trans to the CH2OH group

Question 7

Whenever a carbohydrate attaches to another molecule, it forms a _____ bond

Answer 7

glycosidic

Question 8

sucrose

Answer 8

glucose + fructose

Question 9

maltose

Answer 9

two glucose

Question 10

lactose

Answer 10

galactose + glucose

Question 11

what is cellulose

Answer 11

structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, wood, paper

Question 12

cellulose contains ___ linkages which form ____ strands

Answer 12

B-1,4 (beta 1,4); linear

Question 13

True or false: cellulose is a highly rigid structure

Answer 13

True. Due to B-1,4 linkages to pack strands linear and parallel (due to H bonding between adjacent strands)

Question 14

True or false: humans cannot digest cellulose

Answer 14

True. It passes through our digestive tracts as fiber

Question 15

proteome

Answer 15

all of the proteins expressed in a cell

Question 16

genome

Answer 16

all of the dna in a cell

Question 17

amino acids form peptide bond with each other via:

Answer 17

dehydration/condensation reactions

Question 18

What is hybrid sterility?

Answer 18

when a hybrid zygote is sterile and cannot reproduce

Question 19

Behavioral isolation occurs when:

Answer 19

different species do not perform the right type of mating rituals, hence preventing mating

Question 20

Gamete isolation

Answer 20

occurs when gametes from different species do not recognize and thus cannot fertilize each other

Question 21

Hybrid mortality

Answer 21

a hybrid zygote dies before reaching a reproductive age

Question 22

Hybrid F2 breakdown

Answer 22

when the second generation of hybrids suffer from decreased fitness

Question 23

Postzygotic isolation includes:

Answer 23

Hybrid mortality, hybrid F2 breakdown, hybrid sterility

Question 24

Semelparity

Answer 24

describes the animals that only mate once in their entire life; produce many offspring from their single “reproductive episode;” however, the babies they make have a low chance of surviving to adulthood

Question 25

Starch function

Answer 25

form of energy storage in plants

Question 26

What type of bonding is found in starch

Answer 26

alpha bonded

Question 27

Linear starch is known as

Answer 27

amylose

Question 28

Branched form of starch is called

Answer 28

amylopectin

Question 29

Glycogen

Answer 29

form of energy storage in humans

Question 30

What type of bonding is found in glycogen

Answer 30

alpha bonded

Question 31

True or false: glycogen has more branching than starch

Answer 31

true

Question 32

What is the most abundant polysaccharide found in fungi cell walls?

Answer 32

Glucans

Question 33

what does the cell theory say?

Answer 33

1. living things contain one or more cells, cell is the basic unit of life. 2. new cells must arise from pre-existing cells

Question 34

cell membranes contain:

Answer 34

phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

Question 35

what are phospholipids made of?

Answer 35

1. 3-carbon glycerol backbone | 2. attached to one phosphate group and two fatty acid tails

Question 36

Because phospholipids are amphipathic, they:

Answer 36

spontaneously self-assemble into a bilayer when in an aqeuous environment

Question 37

cholesterol makes up around __-__% of a eukaryotic cell membrane

Answer 37

30-50%

Question 38

cholesterol contains:

Answer 38

4 hydrocarbon rings

Question 39

cholesterol is a precursor to:

Answer 39

steroid hormones

Question 40

Membrane proteins come in 2 types:

Answer 40

integral and peripheral

Question 41

integral proteins

Answer 41

aka transmembrane proteins, they traverse the entire phospholipid bilayer

Question 42

true or false: interal proteins are hydrophilic

Answer 42

false: they are amphipathic since they contact both polar and nonpolar parts of the cell membrane

Question 43

peripheral membrane protein

Answer 43

do not extend throughout the whole membrane. could mean the polar heads of the phospholipid bilayer, partially inserted into the membrane, or attached to one of the hydrophilic surfaces of an integral membrane protein.

Question 44

true or false: peripheral membrane proteins are generally hydrophilic

Answer 44

true

Question 45

integral proteins may function in cell signaling, but most tend to function in ____

Answer 45

transport

Question 46

transport proteins function

Answer 46

move large, polar molecules across the cell membrane since they cannot freely diffuse by themselves

Question 47

Receptor proteins are:

Answer 47

can be both integral or peripheral membrane proteins

Question 48

receptor proteins function

Answer 48

receive chemical signals from the extracellular environment that need to be transmitted inside the cell, triggering secondary responses

Question 49

peripheral membrane proteins functions

Answer 49

adhesion proteins, cellular recognition proteins, receptor proteins

Question 50

adhesion proteins

Answer 50

attach adjacent cells to other thins like other cells, also act as anchors for the cytoskeleton

Question 51

What is the main function of Schwann cells? A. Produce nutrients for nuclei in the spinal cord B. Provide blood supply to glial cells C. Secrete CSF for the brain D. Contributes to the blood brain barrier E. Form myelin sheath in neurons

Answer 51

E. Form myelin sheath in neurons

Question 52

Schwann cells are part of:

Answer 52

peripheral nervous system

Question 53

Schwann cells form the:

Answer 53

myelin sheath

Question 54

What is myelin sheath?

Answer 54

fatty insulation of axons in neurons

Question 55

Oligodendrocytes form the ____ ____ in the ___ ___ ___

Answer 55

myelin sheath; central nervous system

Question 56

Astrocytes provide:

Answer 56

blood supply and nutrients to the CNS neurons including neurons in the spinal cord

Question 57

Astrocytes contribute to:

Answer 57

the blood brain barrier

Question 58

Satellite cells provide:

Answer 58

blood supply to the PNS neurons

Question 59

Which cells create cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 59

Ependymal cells

Question 60

In the vertebrate nervous system, the term “Node of Ranvier” refers to:

Answer 60

the gap between the myelin sheath segments

Question 61

The gap between the axon terminal and dendrite of the next neuron is called the:

Answer 61

synaptic cleft

Question 62

the myelin sheath covers segments along the axon called:

Answer 62

internodes

Question 63

In what part of the integumentary system are hair follicles’ erector pili muscles?

Answer 63

Dermis

Question 64

What is contained in the dermis

Answer 64

hair follicles and erector pili muscles

Question 65

Function of erector pili muscles

Answer 65

erect hair (goosebumps) and play roles in temp regulation and scaring off predators in some mammals

Question 66

All of the following statements about low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are correct EXCEPT ONE. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. LDLs have low protein density while HDLs have high protein density B. LDLs decrease glucose breakdown while HDLs increase glucose breakdown C. LDLs are considered unhealthy while HDLs are considered healthy D. LDLs deliver cholesterol to tissues while HDLs deliver cholesterol to the liver E. LDLs are not involved in bile production while HDLs stimulate bile production

Answer 66

B. LDLs decrease glucose breakdown while HDLs increase glucose breakdown - LDL/HDL have no role in glucose breakdown

Question 67

``` All of the following are characteristics of the desert terrestrial biome EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? A. Cold nights B. Very little rain C. Hot days D. Season fires E. Extreme weather fluctuation ```

Answer 67

D. Season fires

Question 68

Seasonal fires are characteristic of:

Answer 68

savanna terrestrial biome

Question 69

``` Which of the following is the most direct effect of removing peripheral chemoreceptors? A. Unregulated breathing B. Weakened blood brain barrier C. Increased heart rate D. Lowered blood oxygen concentration E. Decreased blood proton levels ```

Answer 69

A. Unregulated breathing

Question 70

For Rho-dependent termination, at which point along the DNA is transcription forced to pause?

Answer 70

Transcription stop point