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*random biology flashcards*

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Intramolecular forces

A

strong attractive forces that hold atoms within a molecule

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2
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

exist between molecules

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3
Q

True or false: intramolecular forces are far weaker than intermolecular forces

A

False - intramolecular forces are much stronger

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4
Q

Intermolecular forces are significant because:

A

they determine physical properties such as boiling point, melting point, density, etc.

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5
Q

empirical formula for carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n

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6
Q

How would we label a ringed sugar that has its hydroxyl group pointing down?

A

Alpha. OH is trans to the CH2OH group

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7
Q

Whenever a carbohydrate attaches to another molecule, it forms a _____ bond

A

glycosidic

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8
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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9
Q

maltose

A

two glucose

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10
Q

lactose

A

galactose + glucose

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11
Q

what is cellulose

A

structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, wood, paper

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12
Q

cellulose contains ___ linkages which form ____ strands

A

B-1,4 (beta 1,4); linear

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13
Q

True or false: cellulose is a highly rigid structure

A

True. Due to B-1,4 linkages to pack strands linear and parallel (due to H bonding between adjacent strands)

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14
Q

True or false: humans cannot digest cellulose

A

True. It passes through our digestive tracts as fiber

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15
Q

proteome

A

all of the proteins expressed in a cell

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16
Q

genome

A

all of the dna in a cell

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17
Q

amino acids form peptide bond with each other via:

A

dehydration/condensation reactions

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18
Q

What is hybrid sterility?

A

when a hybrid zygote is sterile and cannot reproduce

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19
Q

Behavioral isolation occurs when:

A

different species do not perform the right type of mating rituals, hence preventing mating

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20
Q

Gamete isolation

A

occurs when gametes from different species do not recognize and thus cannot fertilize each other

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21
Q

Hybrid mortality

A

a hybrid zygote dies before reaching a reproductive age

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22
Q

Hybrid F2 breakdown

A

when the second generation of hybrids suffer from decreased fitness

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23
Q

Postzygotic isolation includes:

A

Hybrid mortality, hybrid F2 breakdown, hybrid sterility

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24
Q

Semelparity

A

describes the animals that only mate once in their entire life; produce many offspring from their single “reproductive episode;” however, the babies they make have a low chance of surviving to adulthood

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25
Q

Starch function

A

form of energy storage in plants

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26
Q

What type of bonding is found in starch

A

alpha bonded

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27
Q

Linear starch is known as

A

amylose

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28
Q

Branched form of starch is called

A

amylopectin

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29
Q

Glycogen

A

form of energy storage in humans

30
Q

What type of bonding is found in glycogen

A

alpha bonded

31
Q

True or false: glycogen has more branching than starch

A

true

32
Q

What is the most abundant polysaccharide found in fungi cell walls?

A

Glucans

33
Q

what does the cell theory say?

A
  1. living things contain one or more cells, cell is the basic unit of life. 2. new cells must arise from pre-existing cells
34
Q

cell membranes contain:

A

phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

35
Q

what are phospholipids made of?

A
  1. 3-carbon glycerol backbone

2. attached to one phosphate group and two fatty acid tails

36
Q

Because phospholipids are amphipathic, they:

A

spontaneously self-assemble into a bilayer when in an aqeuous environment

37
Q

cholesterol makes up around __-__% of a eukaryotic cell membrane

A

30-50%

38
Q

cholesterol contains:

A

4 hydrocarbon rings

39
Q

cholesterol is a precursor to:

A

steroid hormones

40
Q

Membrane proteins come in 2 types:

A

integral and peripheral

41
Q

integral proteins

A

aka transmembrane proteins, they traverse the entire phospholipid bilayer

42
Q

true or false: interal proteins are hydrophilic

A

false: they are amphipathic since they contact both polar and nonpolar parts of the cell membrane

43
Q

peripheral membrane protein

A

do not extend throughout the whole membrane. could mean the polar heads of the phospholipid bilayer, partially inserted into the membrane, or attached to one of the hydrophilic surfaces of an integral membrane protein.

44
Q

true or false: peripheral membrane proteins are generally hydrophilic

A

true

45
Q

integral proteins may function in cell signaling, but most tend to function in ____

A

transport

46
Q

transport proteins function

A

move large, polar molecules across the cell membrane since they cannot freely diffuse by themselves

47
Q

Receptor proteins are:

A

can be both integral or peripheral membrane proteins

48
Q

receptor proteins function

A

receive chemical signals from the extracellular environment that need to be transmitted inside the cell, triggering secondary responses

49
Q

peripheral membrane proteins functions

A

adhesion proteins, cellular recognition proteins, receptor proteins

50
Q

adhesion proteins

A

attach adjacent cells to other thins like other cells, also act as anchors for the cytoskeleton

51
Q

What is the main function of Schwann cells?
A. Produce nutrients for nuclei in the spinal cord
B. Provide blood supply to glial cells
C. Secrete CSF for the brain
D. Contributes to the blood brain barrier
E. Form myelin sheath in neurons

A

E. Form myelin sheath in neurons

52
Q

Schwann cells are part of:

A

peripheral nervous system

53
Q

Schwann cells form the:

A

myelin sheath

54
Q

What is myelin sheath?

A

fatty insulation of axons in neurons

55
Q

Oligodendrocytes form the ____ ____ in the ___ ___ ___

A

myelin sheath; central nervous system

56
Q

Astrocytes provide:

A

blood supply and nutrients to the CNS neurons including neurons in the spinal cord

57
Q

Astrocytes contribute to:

A

the blood brain barrier

58
Q

Satellite cells provide:

A

blood supply to the PNS neurons

59
Q

Which cells create cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

60
Q

In the vertebrate nervous system, the term “Node of Ranvier” refers to:

A

the gap between the myelin sheath segments

61
Q

The gap between the axon terminal and dendrite of the next neuron is called the:

A

synaptic cleft

62
Q

the myelin sheath covers segments along the axon called:

A

internodes

63
Q

In what part of the integumentary system are hair follicles’ erector pili muscles?

A

Dermis

64
Q

What is contained in the dermis

A

hair follicles and erector pili muscles

65
Q

Function of erector pili muscles

A

erect hair (goosebumps) and play roles in temp regulation and scaring off predators in some mammals

66
Q

All of the following statements about low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are correct EXCEPT ONE. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. LDLs have low protein density while HDLs have high protein density
B. LDLs decrease glucose breakdown while HDLs increase glucose breakdown
C. LDLs are considered unhealthy while HDLs are considered healthy
D. LDLs deliver cholesterol to tissues while HDLs deliver cholesterol to the liver
E. LDLs are not involved in bile production while HDLs stimulate bile production

A

B. LDLs decrease glucose breakdown while HDLs increase glucose breakdown - LDL/HDL have no role in glucose breakdown

67
Q 
All of the following are characteristics of the desert terrestrial biome EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
A. Cold nights
B. Very little rain
C. Hot days
D. Season fires
E. Extreme weather fluctuation
A

D. Season fires

68
Q

Seasonal fires are characteristic of:

A

savanna terrestrial biome

69
Q 
Which of the following is the most direct effect of removing peripheral chemoreceptors?
A. Unregulated breathing
B. Weakened blood brain barrier
C. Increased heart rate
D. Lowered blood oxygen concentration
E. Decreased blood proton levels
A

A. Unregulated breathing

70
Q

For Rho-dependent termination, at which point along the DNA is transcription forced to pause?

A

Transcription stop point

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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