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DAT Biology > Chapter 2 - Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Cells and Organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell membranes contain three main things:

A

phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol

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2
Q

Membrane proteins come in two types:

A

integral (transmembrane) and peripheral

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3
Q

True or false: peripheral membrane proteins extend throughout the entire bilayer

A

False - only on the periphery, generally hydrophilic

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4
Q

Transmembrane protein function

A
  1. transport proteins

2. receptor proteins

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5
Q

transport proteins

A

move large, polar molecules across the cell membrane since they cannot freely diffuse by themselves

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6
Q

examples of peripheral membrane proteins

A

adhesion proteins, cellular recognition proteins, receptor proteins

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7
Q

adhesion protein function

A

attach adjacent cells to other things (like other cells) and they also act as anchors for the cytoskeleton

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8
Q

cellular recognition proteins

A

peripheral membrane proteins that help cells recognize each other; usuallyt interact with receptor protein; attach to glycoproteins

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9
Q

receptor proteins

A

receive chemical signals from the extracellular environment that do not need to be transmitted inside the cell

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10
Q

agonist

A

ligands that bind to a receptor and activate its response

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11
Q

antagonist

A

ligands that bind to a receptor and prevent it from activating

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12
Q

what kind of molecules can travel directly across the phospholipid bilayer?

A

small, uncharged nonpolar molecules. ex co2 and o2

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13
Q

simple diffusion

A

flow of substances down their concentration gradient, does not consume energy. does not use proteins to help particles across membrane

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14
Q

what kind of molecules cannot travel directly across the bilayer?

A

large hydrophilic molecules

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15
Q

facilitated transport

A

describes how large, hydrophilic molecules travel across the bilayer through transmembrane proteins (usually uniport, moving in 1 direction)

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16
Q

symport

A

transmembrane protein that helps several molecules moving in 1 direction

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17
Q

antiport

A

several molecules moving in opposite directions

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18
Q

symport and antiport are examples of :

A

secondary active transport

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19
Q

channel proteins

A

face extra and intracellular of the cell at the same time, usually allow the passage of many small, polar molecules and ions

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20
Q

carrier proteins

A

change their shape to facilitate the movement of molecules through the protein

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21
Q

porins

A

channel protein used in passive diffusion because they are usually not specific for just one type of molecule

22
Q

porins usually allow any ____ molecule that fits to pass through

A

hydrophilic

23
Q

aquaporin

A

type of porin found in kidney and plant roots, allow water to flow more rapidly than is possible through simple diffusion alone

24
Q

active transport

A

occurs when particles travel against their concentration gradient and requires energy input

25
Q

primary active transport

A

uses the energy released from ATP hydrolysis to pump molecules against their concentration gradient.

26
Q

example of primary active transport

A

sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump (hydrolyzes ATP)

27
Q

The sodium potassium pump consumes _ ATP to pump (out/in) _ Na+ and pump (out/in) _ K+

A

1 ATP; 3 out Na+; 2 in K+

28
Q

Na+/K+ pump is known as:

A

an ATPase since it hydrolyzes ATP to pump Na⁺ and K⁺ against their concentration gradients by primary active transport.

29
Q

secondary active transport

A

uses energy obtained from a source other than ATP; usually comes from free energy released as other molecules spontaneously flow down their concentration gradients

30
Q

cytosis

A

facilitates bulk transport of large, polar (hydrophilic) molecules

31
Q

2 main types of cytosis

A

endocytosis; exocytosis

32
Q

true or false: endocytosis and exocytosis require energy input

A

true - they are active transport mechanisms

33
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell engulfs undissolved materials

34
Q

pinocytosis

A

“cellular drinking” - cell will invaginate to engulf dissolved materials (liquids)

35
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

occurs when specific ligand binds to peripheral membrane receptor protein, recruits clathrin

36
Q

exocytosis is an essential part of ___ ___ from the ____ ____

A

vesicle secretion; golgi apparatus

37
Q

nuclear envelope

A

sets the borders of a eukaryotic nucleus

38
Q

true or false: nuclear envelope has 1 membrane

A

false - 2 membranes. 2 phospholipid bilayers (one inner, one outer)

39
Q

area between outer and inner membrane of nuclear envelope

A

perinuclear space

40
Q

nuclear pores

A

holes in the nuclear envelope; mRNA exits through nuclear pores

41
Q

what is the nuclear lamina

A

dense and fibrous network of proteins associated with the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope

42
Q

nuclear lamina function

A

provides structural support to the nucleus, also regulated DNA organization, DNA replication, and cell division

43
Q

nucleolus

A

dense region within the nucleus where rRNA is produced, site of production of ribosomal subunits

44
Q

ribosomal subunits contain:

A

proteins and rRNA

45
Q

when do ribosomal subunits assemble?

A

when they are floating in nucleoplasm (exited nucleolus)

46
Q

when do ribosomal subunits assemble into a complete ribosome?

A

once in the cytosol

47
Q

true or false: ribosomes are organelles

A

false (do not contain a membrane)

48
Q

eukaryotic ribosome subunits

A

40S and 60S (assemble into 80S)

49
Q

typical manipulation to proteins in the rough ER

A

glycosylation

50
Q

role of smooth ER

A

synthesize lipids, steroid hormones, detoxify cells, store ions in some cases

51
Q

example of cells that contain lot of smooth ER

A

human liver cells (heavily involved with detoxification)

52
Q

glycoproteins from the rough ER can undergo ____ in the golgi complex

A

phosphorylation

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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