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DAT Biology > Chapter 11.3 - Human Immune System > Flashcards

Chapter 11.3 - Human Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

leukocytes

A

type of white blood cells

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2
Q

lymphocytes

A

type of leukocytes that originate from the bone marrow, concentrate in the lymphatic organs

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3
Q

B and T cells are examples of:

A

lymphocytes

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4
Q

Barriers found in the body

A
  1. skin
  2. cilia
  3. stomach acid
  4. symbiotic bacteria
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5
Q

Layers of skin that prevent pathogens from entering

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

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6
Q

Purpose of mucous membranes

A
  1. traps pathogens that enter if they get past the skin

2. secrete lysozymes

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7
Q

lysozymes

A

antimicrobial proteins found in many bodily secretions - nonspecifically breaks down bacterial cell walls

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8
Q

sebaceous glands are found in the __

A

skin

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9
Q

purpose of sebaceous glands

A
  1. has oil that is an addtl barrier

2. fatty acids in sebum (oil) possess antimicrobial properties

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10
Q

cilia

A

hair like projections found in respiratory tract, sweep away unwanted stuff

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11
Q

true or false: stomach acid acts as a physical barrier

A

true

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12
Q

true or false: symbiotic bacteria can outcompete pathogenic bacteria to prevent infection

A

true

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13
Q

When does inflammatory response begin?

A

if protective wall is penetrated like if you cut yourself

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14
Q

Describe how inflammatory response is initiated (2)

A
  1. mast cells detect injury at nearby cells

2. histamine is released which widens capillaries to inc blood flow, capillary walls are more permeable

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15
Q

SLIPR

A

5 signs of inflammation: swelling, loss of function, increased heat, pain, redness

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16
Q

Process of cells moving from capillaries to tissues is called:

A

diapedesis

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17
Q

Many WBCs are drawn to the site of injury via:

A

chemotaxis

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18
Q

Platelets are nucleate/anucleate?

A

Anucleate

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19
Q

What role do platelets play in the innate immune system?

A

regulate the regulation and maturation of macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells. acts as 1st responder when pathogens enter bloodstream

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

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21
Q

5 main types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes/macrophages > eosinophils > basophils

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22
Q

neutrophil, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells are ____

A

phagocytes

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23
Q

___% of leukocytes are neutrophils

A

40-70

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24
Q

natural killer cells attack and kill:

A

virus-infected cells or cancerous body cells

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25
What do natural killer cells use to kill cells?
perforin and granzymes
26
perforin
perforated pathogenic cell membranes, causing cell lysis
27
granzymes
protease which stimulates target cell apoptosis
28
Do NK cells express antigen-specific receptors?
No (but T cells do)
29
Monocytes are found in the ___ and mature into:
blood; macrophages
30
How do monocytes mature into macrophages?
cross into infected tissue through diapedesis
31
Which leukocyte functions as an antigen presenting cell?
macrophages
32
Eosinophils
especially effective against parasites
33
Which leukocytes are filled with granules containing pathogen-killing proteins?
eosinophils, basophils
34
Basophils contain:
histamine and heparin
35
Heparin
type of anticoagulant which prevents blood from clotting too quickly
36
basophils are similar in function to:
mast cells
37
How are basophils different from mast cells?
they leave bone marrow already mature and circulate in blood, mast cells remain immature until they cross into tissues
38
dendritic cells are like:
surveillance guards in tissues detecting potential threats
39
____ scans its local environments via pinocytosis
dendritic cells
40
Once dendritic cells detect pathogen, it:
phagocytoses the pathogen
41
True or false - dendritic cells also play the role of antigen-presenting cells
true
42
Where do dendritic cells activate adaptive immunity?
migrate to lymph nodes along with macrophages
43
both macrophages and dendritic cells use ___ ___ ___ to recognize parts of conserved molecules that belong to microbes
toll like receptors (TLRs)
44
___ is secreted by virus-infected cells to warn nearby non-infected cells
interferon
45
interferons help activate:
dendritic cells
46
there are about __ proteins included in the complement system
30
47
Complement system functions: (3)
1. allowing for opsonization by binding C3b to antigens and tagging them for phagocytosis 2. amplifying inflammatory responses 3. lysing pathogen membranes via proteins that poke holes in pathogen membrane
48
certain complement proteins can bind to mast cells to trigger:
stronger histamine release
49
Describe the membrane attack complex:
1. group on the membrane of a pathogen, poke holes in membrane 2. salts and fluids enter pathogen 3. pathogen bursts (lysis)
50
How does our immune system recognize self from non-self?
MHC
51
All nucleated body cells bear ___ molecules on cell surface
MHC class I
52
___ have the same MHC I expression on their cells
identical twins
53
MHC molecule is made of:
alpha 1,2,3 and beta-microglobulin protein chains
54
If a patient requires an organ transplant, what do they need to take?
immunosuppressants - lowers/eliminates immune system's response to the foreign organ due to different MHC class I expression
55
APCs specifically have MHC _ on their cell surface
II
56
After APCs phagocytose pathogen:
loads antigen onto MHC and presents it to immune cells
57
Antigens can be presented on:
either MHC I or II
58
___ is the part of the antigen that is recognized by immune cells/bind to them
epitope
59
B and T cells are
lymphocytes
60
Where are B and T cells produced
bone marrow
61
B cells mature and stay in the:
bone marrow
62
T cells mature in the:
thymus
63
Which antibodies are monomers
IgE, IgD, IgG
64
IgM structure
pentamer (largest antibody)
65
First type of antibody produced after exposure to antigen
IgM
66
IgM binds to antigen and activates:
complement system
67
IgA structure
dimer
68
Which antibody is found mostly in body secretions
IgA

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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