Chapter 11.3 - Human Immune System Flashcards
leukocytes
type of white blood cells
lymphocytes
type of leukocytes that originate from the bone marrow, concentrate in the lymphatic organs
B and T cells are examples of:
lymphocytes
Barriers found in the body
- skin
- cilia
- stomach acid
- symbiotic bacteria
Layers of skin that prevent pathogens from entering
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Purpose of mucous membranes
- traps pathogens that enter if they get past the skin
2. secrete lysozymes
lysozymes
antimicrobial proteins found in many bodily secretions - nonspecifically breaks down bacterial cell walls
sebaceous glands are found in the __
skin
purpose of sebaceous glands
- has oil that is an addtl barrier
2. fatty acids in sebum (oil) possess antimicrobial properties
cilia
hair like projections found in respiratory tract, sweep away unwanted stuff
true or false: stomach acid acts as a physical barrier
true
true or false: symbiotic bacteria can outcompete pathogenic bacteria to prevent infection
true
When does inflammatory response begin?
if protective wall is penetrated like if you cut yourself
Describe how inflammatory response is initiated (2)
- mast cells detect injury at nearby cells
2. histamine is released which widens capillaries to inc blood flow, capillary walls are more permeable
SLIPR
5 signs of inflammation: swelling, loss of function, increased heat, pain, redness
Process of cells moving from capillaries to tissues is called:
diapedesis
Many WBCs are drawn to the site of injury via:
chemotaxis
Platelets are nucleate/anucleate?
Anucleate
What role do platelets play in the innate immune system?
regulate the regulation and maturation of macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells. acts as 1st responder when pathogens enter bloodstream
What are the 4 types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
5 main types of leukocytes
neutrophils > lymphocytes > monocytes/macrophages > eosinophils > basophils
neutrophil, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells are ____
phagocytes
___% of leukocytes are neutrophils
40-70
natural killer cells attack and kill:
virus-infected cells or cancerous body cells
What do natural killer cells use to kill cells?
perforin and granzymes
perforin
perforated pathogenic cell membranes, causing cell lysis
granzymes
protease which stimulates target cell apoptosis
Do NK cells express antigen-specific receptors?
No (but T cells do)
Monocytes are found in the ___ and mature into:
blood; macrophages
How do monocytes mature into macrophages?
cross into infected tissue through diapedesis
Which leukocyte functions as an antigen presenting cell?
macrophages
Eosinophils
especially effective against parasites
Which leukocytes are filled with granules containing pathogen-killing proteins?
eosinophils, basophils
Basophils contain:
histamine and heparin
Heparin
type of anticoagulant which prevents blood from clotting too quickly
basophils are similar in function to:
mast cells
How are basophils different from mast cells?
they leave bone marrow already mature and circulate in blood, mast cells remain immature until they cross into tissues
dendritic cells are like:
surveillance guards in tissues detecting potential threats
____ scans its local environments via pinocytosis
dendritic cells
Once dendritic cells detect pathogen, it:
phagocytoses the pathogen
True or false - dendritic cells also play the role of antigen-presenting cells
true
Where do dendritic cells activate adaptive immunity?
migrate to lymph nodes along with macrophages
both macrophages and dendritic cells use ___ ___ ___ to recognize parts of conserved molecules that belong to microbes
toll like receptors (TLRs)
___ is secreted by virus-infected cells to warn nearby non-infected cells
interferon
interferons help activate:
dendritic cells
there are about __ proteins included in the complement system
30
Complement system functions: (3)
- allowing for opsonization by binding C3b to antigens and tagging them for phagocytosis
- amplifying inflammatory responses
- lysing pathogen membranes via proteins that poke holes in pathogen membrane
certain complement proteins can bind to mast cells to trigger:
stronger histamine release
Describe the membrane attack complex:
- group on the membrane of a pathogen, poke holes in membrane
- salts and fluids enter pathogen
- pathogen bursts (lysis)
How does our immune system recognize self from non-self?
MHC
All nucleated body cells bear ___ molecules on cell surface
MHC class I
___ have the same MHC I expression on their cells
identical twins
MHC molecule is made of:
alpha 1,2,3 and beta-microglobulin protein chains
If a patient requires an organ transplant, what do they need to take?
immunosuppressants - lowers/eliminates immune system’s response to the foreign organ due to different MHC class I expression
APCs specifically have MHC _ on their cell surface
II
After APCs phagocytose pathogen:
loads antigen onto MHC and presents it to immune cells
Antigens can be presented on:
either MHC I or II
___ is the part of the antigen that is recognized by immune cells/bind to them
epitope
B and T cells are
lymphocytes
Where are B and T cells produced
bone marrow
B cells mature and stay in the:
bone marrow
T cells mature in the:
thymus
Which antibodies are monomers
IgE, IgD, IgG
IgM structure
pentamer (largest antibody)
First type of antibody produced after exposure to antigen
IgM
IgM binds to antigen and activates:
complement system
IgA structure
dimer
Which antibody is found mostly in body secretions
IgA
