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DAT Biology > Chapter 11.1 - Circulatory System > Flashcards

Chapter 11.1 - Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of circulatory systems do invertebrates have?

A

Can have no circulatory system, or open or closed circulatory system

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2
Q

Which organisms do not have a circulatory system?

A

Archaea, eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Rotifera

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3
Q

Organisms that do not have a circulatory system rely on:

A

simple diffusion

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4
Q

True or false: Insects pump blood through a central heart

A

False - pump hemolymph through several tubular hearts in dorsal vessel

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5
Q

Describe insect hemolymph flow

A

dorsal vessel -> sinuses -> hemocoel -> ostia -> back to dorsal vessel

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6
Q

What is hemolymph?

A

fluid that contains nutrients, lies between cells

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7
Q

Hemolymph moves around hemocoel via:

A

muscular contractions and locomotion

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8
Q

Insects have ___ located all over their body, and its function is:

A

spiracles; allow air to pass into the tracheal system thus allowing for gas exchange

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9
Q

Invertebrate animals with open circulatory system:

A

Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

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10
Q

The most complex invertebrates have:

A

closed circulatory systems

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11
Q

Invertebrates with closed circulatory systems

A

Annelida (segmented worms)

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12
Q

Closed circulatory system includes:

A

blood, pumping heart, blood vessels

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13
Q

Annelids have multiple hearts called

A

aortic arches. they pump blood in a circuit

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14
Q

In annelids, blood moves to the front of the worm via ____ and to the back via ____

A

dorsal vessel; ventral vessel

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15
Q

Primary/true heart chambers include:

A

atria and ventricles

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16
Q

two chambered hearts have __ primary chambers:

A

2; single atrium and ventricle

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17
Q

Two-chambered hearts work well for:

A

fish (chordates that live in water)

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18
Q

true or false: atria are stronger than ventricles

A

false - ventricles are stronger than atria, they pump blood out to the rest of the body

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19
Q

In addition to two-chamberd hearts, fish also have:

A

secondary heart chambers

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20
Q

Function of secondary heart chambers

A

help primary chambers receive and pump blood

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21
Q

two-chambered hearts only pump ____ blood and they are:

A

oxygen poor; single circulation hearts (blood only travels through one circuit)

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22
Q

Three-chambered hearts have __ primary chambers:

A

3; one right atrium, one left atrium, and one ventricle

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23
Q

Three-chambered hearts are found in:

A

amphibians and non-avian reptiles

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24
Q

amphibians and non-avian reptiles are ___ ___

A

poikilothermic chordates

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25
Q

___ ___ have internal temperatures that fluctuate in response to the environmental temperature

A

poikilothermic chordates

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26
Q

Which reptiles have 4-chambered hearts?

A

alligators and crocodiles

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27
Q

3-chambered hearts mix ___ and ____ in the ___

A

oxygen poor and oxygen rich; ventricle

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28
Q

True or false: 3-chambered hearts are known as single circulation hearts

A

false - double circulation hearts, blood travels through two circuits

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29
Q

4-chambered hearts have _ primary chamberes:

A

left/right atria, left/right ventricles

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30
Q

4-chambered hearts are found in:

A

humans and birds

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31
Q

humans and birds are known as:

A

homeothermic chordates

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32
Q

4-chambered hearts are ____ circulation hearts. Does oxygen-poor and -rich blood mix?

A

double; no, since there are 2 separate ventricles

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33
Q

Atrioventricular valves prevent:

A

backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria

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34
Q

The right AV valve is known as the:

A

tricuspid valve (since it has 3 cusps)

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35
Q

AV valves are attached to ____ via stringy tendons called the ___ ___

A

papillary muscles; chordae tendineae

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36
Q

Papillary muscles ___ to close the AV valves which prevents ____ during ventricular contraction

A

contract; inversion

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37
Q

The right ventricle pumps ____ blood through the _____ and into the ___ arteries

A

oxygen-poor; pulmonary semilunar valve; pulmonary arteries

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38
Q

The left atrium accepts ___ blood returning from the lungs via the ____

A

oxygen-rich; pulmonary veins

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39
Q

When the left atrium contracts, it pumps blood through the ___ valve and into the ____

A

mitral/bicuspid valve (AV valve); left ventricle

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40
Q

Left ventricle is the most:

A

muscular chamber of the heart

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41
Q

Left ventricle ejects ___ blood through the ___ valve and into the ___

A

oxygen-rich; aortic semilunar valve; aorta

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42
Q

___ has the highest blood pressure of any vessel

A

aorta

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43
Q

___ circulation has a higher resistance to blood flow than the ___ ___ even though the amount of blood pumped is the same

A

systemic; pulmonary (due to the fact that there are more vessels to perfuse)

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44
Q

Heart pumps blood to itself via ___ ___

A

coronary circulation

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45
Q

Coronary circulation begins when:

A

coronary arteries branch off the aorta and provide oxygen-rich blood to the heart’s myocardium.

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46
Q

myocardium

A

muscular layer of the heart

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47
Q

myocardium contains:

A

cardiomyocytes

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48
Q

___ ___ line the inside of the heart’s four chambers, forming a layer called the _____

A

endothelial cells; encocardium

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49
Q

___ ___drain oxygen-poor blood from the myocardium into the ____ ___ via the ___ ___

A

cardiac veins; right atrium; coronary sinus

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50
Q

___ ___ is a small opening in the right atrium

A

coronary sinus

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51
Q

The heart is protected by:

A

a multilayered pericardium

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52
Q

Pericardium is:

A

a sack of fluid surrounding the heart

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53
Q

The fluid in the pericardium is called:

A

serous pericardium

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54
Q

Serous pericardium is made of ___, which act as:

A

proteins; lubricant for the heart and reduces friction as the heart beats

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55
Q

All cardiomyocytes have a property called:

A

automaticity

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56
Q

Automaticity means:

A

action potentials are generated in cardiomyocytes without external nerves having to initiate the action potential

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57
Q

___ is the pacemaker of the heart and is located in:

A

SA node (sinoatrial node); right atrium

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58
Q

True or false: the heart can function completely independently

A

true, but still receives influence from the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system

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59
Q

Which nerve decreases heart rate?

A

vagus nerve

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60
Q

Which nerve increases heart rate and force of contraction?

A

sympathetic cardiac nerves

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61
Q

True or false: SA node wants to beat slowly

A

false - wants to beat quickly due to default quick automaticity

62
Q

How is a heart rate of 60-90 bpm achieved?

A

parasympathetic vagus nerve extending from medulla oblongata innervates SA node causing it to slow down

63
Q

tachycardic

A

heart rate above 100bpm

64
Q

bradycardic

A

heart rate below 60 bpm

65
Q

After the SA node reaches threshold:

A

sends a wave of depolarization through both atria, causing blood to be sent into the ventricles

66
Q

When SA node’s wave reached the bottom of the right atrium, it will contact the:

A

AV node

67
Q

AV node function

A

adds a brief delay in between the atria contracting and the contraction of the ventricles

68
Q

If AV node was not present, what would happen?

A

atria and ventricles would contract at the same time, so ventricles would not be able to fill up quickly

69
Q

AV node sends electrical signal to:

A

bundle of His in the interventricular septum

70
Q

Bundle of His carries signal to the base of the heart via:

A

right and left bundle branches, then to Purkinje fibers

71
Q

Purkinje fibers function

A

ensures coordinated contraction of both ventricles

72
Q

Systole

A

occurs as the ventricles eject their blood into the arteries they connect to

73
Q

In which phase of the cardiac cycle is blood pressure the highest?

A

Systole

74
Q

Diastole

A

occurs right after the end of ventricular contraction. myocardium is completely relaxed

75
Q

In which phase of the cardiac cycle is blood pressure the lowest?

A

diastole

76
Q

Heart sounds

A

lub/dub

77
Q

Lub

A

left and right atria are relaxed as the left and right ventricles are contraction

78
Q

lub noise is due to:

A

ventricular contraction causing semilunar valves to open as the AV valves shut

79
Q

Dub

A

left and right atria are contracting, which opens the AV valves so blood can fill the ventricles. semilunar valves are closed

80
Q

Systole occurs between ___ while diastole occurs between ____

A

lub and dub; dub and the next lub

81
Q

___ ___ are the contact points between adjacent cardiomyocytes that connect heart cells to each other

A

intercalated discs

82
Q

intercalated discs contain:

A

desmosomes and gap junctions

83
Q

desmosomes are:

A

small proteins that hold and adhere cardiomyocytes together

84
Q

Gap junctions are:

A

protein tunnels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cardiomyocytes

85
Q

gap junctions in the heart allow:

A

action potentials from one cell to go to the rest of the heart

86
Q

connection of many heart cells together:

A

syncytium

87
Q

First section of ECG

A

P wave, represents both atria depolarizing

88
Q

Q wave of ECG

A

slight down wave before tall up wave

89
Q

Q wave represents

A

depolarization through the interventricular septum, which initiates ventricular depolarization

90
Q

tallest up wave of ECG

A

R wave - represents depolarization through ventricles

91
Q

S wave of ECG

A

small down wave after R wave, completion of ventricular depolarization

92
Q

T wave

A

medium up wave after QRS complex, ventricular repolarization

93
Q

Repolarization of __ is hidden by the QRS complex

A

atria

94
Q

Stroke volume

A

volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat, generally refers to the left ventricle

95
Q

true or false: both ventricles should pump equal volumes of blood

A

true

96
Q

Stroke volume is calculated by:

A

subtracting end systolic volume from end diastolic volume

97
Q

End systolic volume

A

amount of blood that remains in the ventricle following a ventricular contraction

98
Q

end diastolic volume

A

amount of blood in the ventricle before a ventricular contraction

99
Q

cardiac output

A

SV x HR. tells us the volume of blood being pumped by the heart in one minute

100
Q

Total peripheral resistance

A

total amount of resistance that blood faces when flowing through the vasculature of the body

101
Q

vasoconstriction

A

increases TPR

102
Q

vasodilation

A

decreases TPR

103
Q

systolic blood pressure refers to

A

the highest pressure in your arteries, which occurs when your ventricles contract during systole

104
Q

SBP number

A

120

105
Q

DBP number

A

80

106
Q

diastolic blood pressure refers to

A

pressure in the arteries while the heart is relaxing between beats

107
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

average arterial pressure during one complete cardiac cycle

108
Q

MAP is calculated as:

A

HR x SV x TPR

109
Q

How can MAP be increased?

A

By increasing heart rate, stroke volume, or total peripheral resistance

110
Q

tunica intima

A

directly surrounds the lumen of a blood vessel

111
Q

tunica intima contains:

A

endothelial cells that reduce friction for blood flowing through the lumen

112
Q

tunica media is located ___ and contains ___

A

directly above the tunica intima; contains smooth muscle cells that can be used to control the diameter of the vessel to manipulate blood flow

113
Q

tunica externa is located ___ and contains ___

A

directly above the tunica media; contains collagen proteins that protect the vessel, nerve fibers and elastin proteins

114
Q

most elastic vessels

A

arteries and arterioles

115
Q

arteries elasticity comes from: (2)

A
  1. thick tunica media - smooth muscle can contract or relax, changes the diameter of the lumen in response to hormones.
  2. high amount of elastin protein in tunica externa allow walls of vessel to flex
116
Q

___ branch off of arteries and have a ____ diameter

A

arterioles; smaller

117
Q

___ are known as resistance vessels

A

arterioles

118
Q

BP drops the most at:

A

arterioles

119
Q

Which arteries carry OXYGEN POOR blood AWAY from the heart?

A

umbilical and pulmonary arteries

120
Q

hormonal control of vasoconstriction/dilation mainly affects

A

arteries and arterioles

121
Q

____ allows us to maintain our body temperature when it is cold

A

vasoconstriction

122
Q

___ cools us down when it is hot by expanding the vessels

A

vasodilation

123
Q

___ branch off of arterioles on one side and connect to venules on the other side

A

capillaries

124
Q

How thick are capillaries?

A

one endothelial cell thick - only have a tunica intima

125
Q

Capillaries have ___ that increase what can diffuse into and out of the capillary

A

fenestra

126
Q

Function of capillaries

A

bring nutrients to cells in tissues, removes wastes

127
Q

How do nutrients get dropped off to tissues?

A

hydrostatic pressure is high, arterial end of the capillary forces plasma out of the vessel

128
Q

At the venous end of the capillary, wastes are:

A

pulled back into the capillary because osmotic pressure is high

129
Q

___ are wider than arteries

A

veins (so they hold more blood)

130
Q

Blood pressure is lowest once it has reached:

A

the veins

131
Q

Veins contain:

A

valves to prevent backflow and ensure blood flows back to the heart

132
Q

Veins rely on ___ and ___ to have adequate venous return to the heart

A

skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump

133
Q

Veins are known as

A

capacitance vessels

134
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump push blood through veins?

A

just by contracting/relaxing, pushes blood in 1 direction due to valves preventing backflow

135
Q

respiratory pump

A

when you inhale, pressure in thoracic cavity decreases and increases in abdomen, squeezes veins in the area, which moves flood forward

136
Q

hepatic portal vein shunts blood from

A

digestive tract to the liver

137
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

allows hormones from the hypothalamus to enter the anterior pituitary without having to travel to and pass through the heart,

138
Q

clotting cascade is a ___ feedback mechanism

A

positive

139
Q

Steps of clotting cascade

A
  1. tissue is damaged, exposes collagen in the wall
  2. platelet activation forms platelet plug
  3. activated platelets release thromboplastin which converts prothrombin to thrombin
  4. activated thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, polymerize with other fibrin strands, attach to platelets to form blood clot
140
Q

Important element in manufacture of clotting factors

A

Vitamin K

141
Q

True or false: blood is not considered a tissue

A

false - it is a connective tissue

142
Q

Blood volume is composed of:

A

plasma, leukocytes and platelets, RBC’s

143
Q

What does blood plasma contain

A

water, proteins, hormones, other nutrients

144
Q

platelets are:

A

anucleate cell fragments

145
Q

precursor of platelets:

A

megakaryocytes (heavily involved in the clotting cascade)

146
Q

what protein structure does hemoglobin have

A

quaternary

147
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind:

A

4 Oxygen molecules

148
Q

If a person receives a transfusion of the wrong blood type:

A

immune system will mount a response that causes erythrocytes to agglutinate

149
Q

Universal donor

A

O-

150
Q

Universal acceptor

A

AB+

151
Q

___ carries oxygen rich blood from the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical cord

A

umbilical vein

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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