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DAT Biology > Chapter 1 - Molecules and Fundamentals of Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Molecules and Fundamentals of Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Organic molecules contain what elements?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

Starch is a ____ polysaccharide in ____

A

storage; plants

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3
Q

Linear plant starch is called ____ and contains ____ bonds

A

amylose; alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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4
Q

___ is a critical storage polysaccharide found in humans

A

glycogen

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5
Q

___ is the branched form of plant starch and forms ____ bonds

A

amylopectin; alpha 1,4 and alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds

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6
Q

glycogen is mainly stores in:

A

liver and muscle cells

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7
Q

structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls:

A

cellulose

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8
Q

cellulose contains what kind of bonds? what kind of structure results?

A

beta-1,4 bonds; linear strands that pack together in parallel, adjacent strands held together by H bonding

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9
Q

True or false: humans can digest cellulose

A

false: cannot digest cellulose, it passes through our digestive tracts as fiber

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10
Q

chitin is a _____ polysaccharide found in ____ cell walls and _____

A

structural; fungi cell walls; exoskeleton of insects

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11
Q

what kind of bonds does chitin have?

A

Beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds; however is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine

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12
Q

True or false: chitin is a polymer of glucose molecules

A

false: made of N-acetylglucosamine molecules

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13
Q

proteome

A

all the proteins expressed in a cell under one set of conditions

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14
Q

at physiological pH, amino group in an amino acid is ____ and the carboxyl group is ____

A

protonated; deprotonated

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15
Q

unique enzymes called ____ ____ help peptide bond formation

A

peptidyl transferases (belong to broader class of enzymes called aminoacyl transferases)

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16
Q

primary structure

A

specific order of a peptide which is determined by DNA genes

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17
Q

secondary structure

A

folds that occur in polypeptide chain due to intermolecular interactions between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not R group atoms)

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18
Q

two of the most common secondary protein structures

A

alpha helices; beta-pleated sheets

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19
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D structure of larger polypeptide chains which occurs due to R-group interactions

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20
Q

what R-group interactions can occur in tertiary structure?

A
  1. ionic bonding
  2. hydrogen bonding
  3. dipole-dipole interactions
  4. London dispersion forces
  5. hydrophobic interactions
  6. disulfide bonds between cysteines
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21
Q

True or false: tertiary structure interactions are usually not covalent

A

true; disulfide bonds are an exception to this

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22
Q

quaternary structure1

A

refers to large proteins that have multiple subunits which come together by the same general interactions used in creating tertiary structure

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23
Q

protein denaturation can occur by:

A

excess temperature, chemicals, pH changes, radiation

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24
Q

True or false: denatured proteins cannot fold back into their functional shapes

A

false: some can, which tells us that all of the information necessary for the folding of those proteins is contained directly within the amino acid sequence.

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25
enzymes are:
globular (usually) protein catalysts that speed up specific forward and reverse reactions by lowering their activation energies
26
enzymes change the energy of:
the transition state
27
enzymes catalyze reactions by:
binding to reactant molecules called substrates
28
active site
location on enzymes where the substrate binds to
29
Because most enzymes are proteins, amino acids give the active site unique properties and ____ ___
substrate specificity
30
specificity constant
measures how efficient an enzyme is in converting substrate to product (high specificity constant means high efficiency)
31
true or false: some enzymes are not proteins
true: one example is ribozymes (RNA molecule capable of acting as enzyme)
32
cofactor
non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in the reactions they manipulate
33
coenzymes
organic cofactors (usually include things like vitamins)
34
inorganic cofactors
tend to be metal ions like Fe2+ or Mg2+
35
Holoenzymes
refer to enzymes that are bound to their cofactor
36
apoenzyme
enzyme not bound to its cofactor
37
prosthetic groups
cofactors that tightly/covalently bind to their enzyme in a holoenzyme
38
competitive inhibition
inhibitors compete with substrates for active sites
39
true or false: we can outcompete a competitive inhibitor
true: as we increase the amount of substrate, there is a higher chance that the substrate can bind to the active site
40
true or false: adding more substrate will continuously increase the speed of catalysis
false: this only occurs until all active sites are occupied (enzyme saturation). then catalysis plateaus
41
noncompetitive inhibition:
when an inhibitor binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme (dif location that is not the active site)
42
true or false: we can outcompete noncompetitive inhibitors
false: rate of enzyme catalysis is unaffected by increasing the substrate concentration
43
velocity (V)
rate at which reaction is occurring
44
Vmax
maximum reaction velocity
45
Michaelis constant (Km)
the substrate conc at which Vmax is at 50%
46
Small Km implies:
we only need a little bit of substrate bc enzyme ability/function is high
47
Large Km implies:
that we need many substrates for reaction progression because enzyme availability/function is low
48
If we add a competitive inhibitor:
Km increases while Vmax stays the same
49
If we add a noncompetitive inhibitor:
Km stays the same while Vmax decreases
50
Fat is also called
triacylglycerol or triglyceride
51
triglycerides are found in:
adipocytes
52
fats have __ unique parts which are:
2; glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
53
glycerol structure
3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl groups
54
fatty acid
long hydrocarbon tail attached to a carboxylic acid
55
fats are produced by ____ reactions
dehydration/condensation (just like for carbs and proteins)
56
fats have what kind of linkages?
ester
57
true or false: many fats contains fatty acids that are of different lengths and degrees of unsaturation
true
58
phospholipid structure
3-carbon glycerol backbone, 1 phosphate group, 2 fatty acid tails
59
glycolipid
looks virtually the same as a phospholipid, however these contain a carbohydrate molecule in place of the phosphate group
60
cholesterol makes up around __-__% of a eukaryotic cell membrane
30-50%
61
cholesterol contains _ hydrocarbon rings
4
62
true or false: cholesterol is hydrophobic
false: amphipathic
63
which organ makes cholesterol?
liver (but we can also get it from the diet)
64
Cholesterol is a starting material for:
steroid, vitamin D, bile acids
65
how do lipids travel through blood?
in lipoproteins
66
lipoproteins contain:
coat of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins and a lipid core
67
LDL
considered to be unhealthy because they deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues via the bloodstream. (bad cholesterol)
68
HDL
high density of proteins. They are generally considered to be healthy because they take cholesterol away from peripheral tissues and deliver it to the liver.
69
Other lipid derivatives (3)
1. waxes 2. carotenoids 3. sphingolipids
70
Waxes
contain long fatty acids that are connected to monohydroxy alcohols by ester linkages., serve as hydrophobic protective coating
71
carotenoids
long carbon chains that have conjugated double bonds and six-membered rings at each end, function as pigments that provide color to plants and animals
72
carotenoid examples
carotenes and xanthophylls
73
sphingolipids
have a sphingoid base backbone composed of a set of aliphatic (non-aromatic) amino alcohols. They serve as structural integrity, signal transduction and cell recognition
74
sphingolipids examples
ceramides, sphingomyelin
75
purines
adenine and guanine
76
pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
77
purines have _ rings
2
78
pyrimidine have how many rings?
1
79
A-T has how many H bonds?
2
80
G-C has how many H bonds?
3
81
modern cell theory statements:
1. all life is composed of one or more cells, where cells are the basic structural, functional, and organizational unit of life 2. all cells come from pre-existing, living cells via cell division 3. genetic information (stored within cells) to pass onto new cells 4. organism’s activity is dependent on the activity of its independent cells 5. metabolism and biochemistry (energy flow) occur within cells, where all cells have the same chemical composition.
82
true or false: cell theory does not apply to viruses
true - viruses are not living cells
83
central dogma
dna--> rna --> protein
84
main implication of central dogma:
information cannot travel from protein to protein, or from proteins to nucleic acids
85
true or false: information cannot travel from rna to dna
false: they can
86
prions
example where info can travel from protein to protein. they are misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold as well, destroying their function in the process
87
RNA world hypothesis
Earth’s “primordial soup” had a lot of RNA nucleoside triphosphates, which made phosphodiester bonds with each other to create short strands of RNAs. As the strands grew longer and longer, they became more and more stable. continued to evolve until they could replicate

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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