Chapter 11.10 - Integumentary System

Question 1

Skin is composed of what two layers?

Answer 1

epidermis and dermis (not including hypodermis)

Question 2

___ is the most superficial layer of the skin

Answer 2

epidermis

Question 3

The epidermis is ___ and ___

Answer 3

thin; avascular

Question 4

How does the epidermis receive oxygen and nutrients?

Answer 4

via diffusion from neighboring cells

Question 5

What kind of cells is epidermis made of?

Answer 5

stratified squamous cells

Question 6

What do stratified squamous cells look like?

Answer 6

flattened, disk-shaped cells arranged into multiple layers (4-5 layers of keratinocytes)

Question 7

Layers of epidermis from superficial to deep

Answer 7

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Question 8

Where is stratum lucidum present?

Answer 8

only in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet

Question 9

Stratum corneum is composed of:

Answer 9

dead, fully differentiated keratinocytes (corneocytes)

Question 10

Stratum corneum function

Answer 10

provides protection against infection, dehydration, physical harm

Question 11

Stratum lucidum is composed of:

Answer 11

dead keratinocytes that have not yet fully differentiated to corneocytes

Question 12

Stratum granulosum composed of:

Answer 12

keratinocytes

Question 13

What does Stratum granulosum secrete?

Answer 13

lamellar bodies (helps form hydrophobic membrane to create water barrier)

Question 14

Function of stratum spinosum

Answer 14

provides skin with strength and flexibility via desmosomes

Question 15

Which layer of the epidermis contains the highest amount of Langerhans cells?

Answer 15

Stratum spinosum (they are present in all layers but most prevalent in spinosum)

Question 16

Langerhans cells are:

Answer 16

dendritic cells of the epidermis

Question 17

Stratum basale is separated from the dermis by the:

Answer 17

basement membrane (basal lamina)

Question 18

How does the stratum basale attach to the basement membrane?

Answer 18

via hemidesmosomes

Question 19

stratum basale provides continuous renewal of:

Answer 19

epidermal keratinocytes

Question 20

stratum basale houses specialized cell types like:

Answer 20

melanocytes; merkel cells

Question 21

Melanocytes generates:

Answer 21

melanin

Question 22

Melanin is responsible for:

Answer 22

skin’s pigmentation and protection from UV radiation

Question 23

Merkel cells are:

Answer 23

specialized mechanoreceptor cells

Question 24

Merkel cells are specifically attuned to respond to:

Answer 24

light touch sensations (hence why they are very abundant in the fingertips)

Question 25

Where is the dermis located?

Answer 25

Just deep to the epidermis

Question 26

Structure and function of dermis

Answer 26

network of dense irregular connective tissue that functions to cushion the body from injury + provides home for vessels, glands, nails, hair

Question 27

the dermis has _ layers

Answer 27

2

Question 28

What are the layers of the dermis called?

Answer 28

papillary dermis; reticular dermis

Question 29

The papillary dermis contains:

Answer 29

dermal papillae

Question 30

Function of dermal papillae

Answer 30

1. creates fingerprints 2. increases surface area between dermis and epidermis to increase capacity for delivery of O2 and nutrients since epidermis is avascular 3. also increases strength of junction between dermis and epidermis

Question 31

Reticular dermis is made of:

Answer 31

reticular fibers, collagen, elastic fibers

Question 32

reticular dermis is what kind of tissue?

Answer 32

dense, irregular connective

Question 33

What is contained in the reticular dermis?

Answer 33

blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, nail beds, glands

Question 34

Hair is essentially a:

Answer 34

keratin protein filament

Question 35

Function of hair

Answer 35

though still under debate in humans, protects mammals from UV radiation and hypothermia

Question 36

___ attach to the hair follicle and cause it to erect the hair

Answer 36

Muscles (this causes goosebumps)

Question 37

Exocrine glands

Answer 37

composed of specialized cells that create and secrete a product through a duct to the external surface

Question 38

Sudoriferous glands

Answer 38

aka sweat glands, come in 2 types: eccrine and apocrine

Question 39

____ ___ are the main sweat glands of the body

Answer 39

eccrine glands

Question 40

Where are eccrine glands located?

Answer 40

throughout entire body surface; most abundant in the armpit, palms of hands, soles of feet

Question 41

Eccrine glands are important for:

Answer 41

thermoregulation

Question 42

Secretion from apocrine glands is more ____ and ____ compared to eccrine glands

Answer 42

oily and viscous

Question 43

Apocrine glands secrete their products into the:

Answer 43

hair follicle

Question 44

Where are apocrine glands located?

Answer 44

armpit, nipple, ear canal, eyelid, nostril, parts of the pubic area

Question 45

Ceruminous glands

Answer 45

produce ear wax (cerumen) secreted into the external auditory canal

Question 46

Mammary glands are specialized:

Answer 46

apocrine glands

Question 47

Sebaceous glands

Answer 47

secrete oily/waxy sebum into hair follicle - lubricates and waterproofs the hair and surrounding skin

Question 48

Where are sebaceous glands located?

Answer 48

everywhere except palms and soles of feet

Question 49

Hypodermis is located:

Answer 49

deep to dermis

Question 50

Another name for the hypodermis:

Answer 50

subcutaneous tissue

Question 51

Hypodermis main components

Answer 51

loose connective tissue and adipose tissue

Question 52

Main function of hypodermis

Answer 52

fat storage