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DAT Biology > Chapter 11.6 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 11.6 - Skeletal System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Invertebrate skeletons belong to:

A

organisms without bones, especially backbones

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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

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3
Q

appendicular skeletons

A

bones in the appendages, pectoral and pelvic girdle

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4
Q

what are the different types of bones in the endoskeletal system?

A
  1. flat bones
  2. short bones
  3. long bones
  4. sesamoid
  5. irregular
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5
Q

Distinct features of long bones

A 
Epiphyses
The diaphysis
A medullary cavity
Metaphyses
Epiphyseal plates
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6
Q

Shaft of a long bone is called:

A

diaphysis

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7
Q

Bumpy ends of long bones

A

epiphyses

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8
Q

True or false: long bones have a hollow diaphysis

A

false - filled by medullary cavity containing spongy bone (yellow bone marrow)

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9
Q

Outside of epiphyses have:

A

articular cartilage. covers compact bone to form synovial joints

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10
Q

How many types of synovial joints are there?

A

6

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11
Q

Name the types of synovial joints

A
  1. ball and socket
  2. hinge
  3. plane
  4. pivot
  5. condylar
  6. saddle
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12
Q

Function of hyaline cartilage

A

cushions joints at the end of long bones, absorbs shock

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13
Q

What structure connects adjacent Haversian systems to the periosteum?

A

Volkmann’s canals

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14
Q

Which layer(s) of the periosteum contain(s) osteoprogenitor cells?

A

cambium layer

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15
Q

When is the primary ossification center established?

A

when osteoblasts invade the calcified center of the cartilage model

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16
Q

How does parathyroid hormone respond during times when blood calcium levels are low?

A

PTH increases calcium when it is low in the blood by stimulating osteoclasts

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17
Q

What covers the outside portion of the diaphysis?

A

periosteum

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18
Q

What term describes the canals that connect lacunae and Haversian canals of a single osteon?

A

canaliculi

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19
Q

Diarthroses

A

synovial joints between bones that fully move

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20
Q

Where can osteoclasts be found?

A

howship’s lacunae

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21
Q

What is not a component of a synovial joint?

A

elastic cartilage

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22
Q

Components of matrix of hyaline cartilage

A

elastin, chondroitin sulfate, collagen

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23
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

A

fibrous cartilage

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24
Q

Where do bone cells that are supplied nutrients from Haversian canals reside?

A

lacunae

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25
Q

What are the components of the cartilaginous matrix secreted by chondroblasts?

A

collagen; elastin

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26
Q

Where is the Achilles tendon located?

A

back of lower leg

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27
Q

A basketball player suffers a severe tear in his Achilles tendon. Which of the following will occur at the site of injury?

A

tendon repair process involves the recruitment of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts from outside the tendon tissue to the injury site

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28
Q

Fibroblasts synthesize:

A

Extracellular matrix and collagen

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29
Q

___ play a critical role in adhesion formation and wound healing

A

fibroblasts

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30
Q

A tear in the Achilles tendon results in a weaker connection between:

A

muscle and bone (not between bone and bone - that’s if a ligament is torn)

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31
Q

What layer covers the surface of cortical bone?

A

periosteum

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32
Q

If you look inside epiphyses, you would see:

A

spongy bone with red bone marrow

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33
Q

When do epiphyseal plates ossify?

A

when pubertal hormones signal for calcification and apoptosis

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34
Q

What direction do epiphyseal plates grow?

A

towards metaphyses

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35
Q

short bones are ____

A

cuboidal

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36
Q

Function of short bones

A

provide support with very little movement

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37
Q

Example of long bone

A

femur, radius, ulna

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38
Q

Example of short bones

A

bones in the wrist

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39
Q

Flat bones

A

cortical bone surrounding spongy bone in the middle

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40
Q

Example of flat bones

A

sternum, skull

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41
Q

Sesamoid bones are embedded within ____

A

tendons

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42
Q

Sesamoid bones function

A

increases muscle’s leverage on the bone it is attaching to

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43
Q

Example of sesamoid bone

A

patella

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44
Q

Irregular bones composed of:

A

thin cortical layers surrounding abundant cancellous interiors

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45
Q

Example of irregular bone

A

pelvis and spine

46
Q

What allows bones to support our weight?

A

the density of cortical bone

47
Q

Microstructures in cortical bone:

A 
Osteons
Haversian canals
Lamellae
Lacunae
Volkmann's canals
Canaliculi
48
Q

___ are considered the functional unit of cortical bone

A

osteons

49
Q

Describe structure of osteons

A

multi-layered cylinders that extend parallel to the bone’s long axis

50
Q

In the center of osteon is:

A

Haversian canal

51
Q

Function of haversian canals

A

contains blood cessels to supply nutrients to various types of bone cells living in lacunae

52
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae that house bone cells

53
Q

True or false: lacunae are independent units

A

false - they connect to each other/haversian canal via canaliculi

54
Q

Volkmann’s canals function

A

connect adjacent haversian systems to the periosteum which supplies the bone with blood and nutrients

55
Q

____ is the inner network of bones

A

cancellous bone (spongy bone)

56
Q

True or false: cancellous bone contains osteons

A

false

57
Q

Cancellous bone contains:

A

web of trabeculae that soap up bone marrow like a sponge

58
Q

Osteoprogenitors

A

immature precursor cells that mature into osteoblasts

59
Q

Osteoblasts have ___ nucleus/nuclei

A

1 (mononucleate)

60
Q

Function of osteoblasts

A
  • build bone
  • secrete proteins and collagen that make osteoid
  • make an enzyme to create hydroxyapatite
61
Q

Osteoblasts mature into ____ once they:

A

osteocytes; once they secrete enough bone matrix that they are trapped by it

62
Q

Osteocytes are:

A

highly branched cells that communicate with other cells to maintain bone

63
Q

Where can you find osteocytes?

A

in lacunae

64
Q

Osteoclasts have ___ nucleus/nuclei

A

many (multinucleated)

65
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from:

A

monocytes

66
Q

Function of osteoclasts

A

chew through bone (resorb bone)

67
Q

Where are osteoclasts found?

A

Howship’s lacunae

68
Q

True or false: once made, bones cease to remodel and stay as is

A

False - bones undergo lifelong remodeling

69
Q

Primary mechanisms that affect bone remodeling:

A
  1. parathyroid hormone
  2. Vitamin D (calcitriol)
  3. Calcitonin
70
Q

Which mechanisms decrease blood calcium levels?

A

calcitonin (tones down blood calcium)

71
Q

Which mechanisms increase blood calcium levels?

A
  1. parathyroid hormone

2. calcitriol (vitamin D)

72
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by:

A

Parathyroid gland

73
Q

PTH stimulates:

A

osteoclasts

74
Q

Calcitonin is secreted by:

A

thyroid gland

75
Q

Vitamin D function in blood calcium levels:

A

increases calcium reabsorption in the intestines, provides negative feedback to PTH secretion

76
Q

Organic component of bone matrix:

A

osteoid

77
Q

Osteoid contains:

A

type 1 collagen fibers and proteins

78
Q

Function of osteoid

A

gives bones slight flexibility and tensile strength

79
Q

Inorganic component of bone matrix:

A

hydroxyapatite

80
Q

Hydroxyapatite is made of:

A

calcium, phosphate, water crystallized

81
Q

Embryonic ossification types:

A

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

82
Q

Steps of intramembranous ossification

A
  1. osteoblasts secrete osteoid, creating osteocytes (ossification center forms in mesenchyme)
  2. Osteocytes form trabeculae, gets wrapped by blood vessels creating periosteum
  3. cortical bone begins to grow between periosteum and trabeculae
83
Q

What bones are formed via intramembranous ossification

A

Flat bones

84
Q

Endochondral ossification steps

A
  1. cartilage model created at week 8
  2. center of cartilage model starts to calcify
  3. week 12 - osteoblasts and capillaries begin to invade calcified center – creates primary ossification center
  4. secondary ossification created at epiphyses, osteoclasts chew out inside of diaphysis
85
Q

What bones are made via endochondral ossification

A

long bones

86
Q

Fibrous connective tissues include:

A

tendons, ligaments, periosteum and endosteum

87
Q

Tendons connect:

A

muscle to bone

88
Q

Ligaments connect:

A

bone to other bones

89
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

protective fibrous membrane that covers cortical bone (except at epiphyses where you find articular cartilage)

90
Q

Periosteum has _ sub layers:

A

2; fibrous layer, inner cambium layer

91
Q

True or false: fibrous layer of periosteum is highly innervated and vascularized

A

true

92
Q

Cambium layer has ___ that allow for attachment of:

A

collagen fibers; periosteum to the cortical bone underneath

93
Q

True or false: fibrous layer of periosteum contains osteoprogenitor cells

A

false - cambium layer contains osteoprogenitor cells

94
Q

Endosteum

A

single layer membrane that lies between cortical and cancellous bone

95
Q

Endosteum lines the:

A
  • medullary cavity
  • surrounding cancellous bone of epiphyses
  • lining cavities of Haversian/volkmann’s canals
96
Q

Cartilage is not:

A

vascularized or innervated

97
Q

Chondroblast

A

build cartilage

98
Q

When do chondroblasts mature into chondrocytes?

A

When they become trapped by the matrix they create

99
Q

Where are chondrocytes found?

A

cartilaginous lacunae

100
Q

What do chondroblasts secrete?

A

collagen and elastin

101
Q

Types of cartilage:

A

hyaline, fibrous, elastic

102
Q

Hyaline cartilage made of:

A

chondroitin sulfate, collagen, elastin (glassy appearance)

103
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

between the ribs and sternum, in the nose, and the trachea

104
Q

Fibrous cartilage function

A

provides rigidity and resists tension

105
Q

Where is fibrous cartilage found?

A

intervertebral discs, knee meniscus

106
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage but has a lot more elastin proteins

107
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

ears, epiglottis

108
Q

Synarthroses

A

dense, fibrous joints between bones that do not move

109
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

cartilaginous joints between bones that partially move

110
Q

Diarthroses

A

synovial joints between bones that are fully movable

111
Q

Which type of joint is unstable and accounts for many injuries?

A

Ball and socket

112
Q

What do synovial joints contain?

A

Bones
Articular cartilage covering opposing epiphyses
Ligaments
Fibrous joint capsule
Synovial fluid lubricant within joint cavity

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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