Chapter 11.2 - Respiratory System Flashcards
cnidaria respiration
simple diffusion (no circulatory system)
Annelida respiration
simple diffusion
Which phylum include organisms that use open circulatory system
Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, crustaceans)
True or false: a large percentage of gas molecules are transported in the hemolymph; small amount diffuses directly to and from cells.
false - small percentage transported in hemolymph, majority diffuse directly to/from cells
Insects respire through:
spiracles that go into tracheal tubes
Arachnids respire via:
book lungs
Fish use __ to respire
gills
CO2 leaves fish via:
operculum
True or false: left lung is smaller than the right lung
true - makes room for the heart
Left lung has _ lobes; right lung has _
2; 3
___ is a dual-layered membrane that covers each lung
pleura
Outer layer of pleura is called ___ and contacts the:
parietal pleura; toracic cavity
Inner layer of pleura is called ___ and makes contact with:
visceral pleura; lungs
Pleural space contains fluid at a ___ pressure compared to atmospheric pressure
lower
What prevents lungs from collapsing in on themselves?
intrapleural/thoracic negative pressure
Diaphragm is a type of ___ muscle
skeletal
Diaphragm is innervated by the ___ nerve
phrenic nerve
___ is the only organ that only and all mammals have
Diaphragm
What happens when external intercostal muscles contract?
rib cage fans up and out
External intercostal muscles are innervated by:
intercostal nerves
___ ___ decreases the surface tension in the lungs. making inspiration less challenging
Pulmonary surfactant
When we exhale, which muscles relax?
diaphragm, external intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles function
brings ribs closer together which causes volume of lungs/thoracic cavity to decrease even further
Tidal volume
refers to the volume of air moving in the lungs during normal breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume
More forceful inhalations allow more air to be inspired than usual (above the tidal volume)
Functional residual capacity
The volume of air left in the lungs after a normal tidal exhalation
Expiratory reserve volume
More forceful exhalations allow more air to be expired than usual
Residual volume
Minimal amount of air always present in the lungs (to prevent them from collapsing)
Vital capacity
refers to the maximum volume of air that could be expired following a maximum inhalation
Vital capacity includes:
inspiratory reserve, tidal, and expiratory reserve volumes
Total lung capacity
includes the residual volume plus vital capacity.
In other words, the volume air our lungs could theoretically hold
What kind of cells are found in our airways?
Goblet cells, ciliated epithelial cells
__ ___ is the first structure air contacts when we inspire air
nasal cavity
Goblet cells function
columnar cells that secrete mucus to trap debris
Ciliated epithelial cells function
move debris that gets trapped in the mucus that a goblet cell secretes
___ marks the beginning of the throat
Pharynx
____ is a passageway for both food and air
Pharynx
___ is a structure that diverts food and air into their appropriate tubes
epiglottis
Epiglottis diverts air into the ___
larynx
How does the cough reflex get activated?
If something besides air enters the larynx
Upper respiratory tract is made up of:
the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
After the larynx, air flows into the
Trachea
The ____ is reinforced by C-shaped cartilage
trachea
The trachea is covered in what kind of cells?
Ciliated epithelial cells
After air passes through the trachea, it flows into:
2 bronchi
The bronchi enter the ____ and further branch into ____
lungs; bronchioles
Where do bronchioles end?
Alveoli
There are _ types of epithelial cells in human alveoli
2: Type 1 and 2
Type 1 epithelial cells
found in alveoli, help with structural support
Type 2 epithelial cells
found in alveoli, produce surfactant to reduce surface tension so fluid doesn’t collapse them
___, ___, ___, ___ make up lower respiratory tract
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
External respiration
explains how air travels from the nose to the lung alveoli
Internal respiration
describes how gas exchange occurs between the blood and body tissues, also cellular respiration
Air entering the alveolus has a ___ partial pressure of oxygen and a ___ partial pressure of CO2
high; low
Each alveolus is surrounded by:
capillaries
Blood arriving at the alveolar capillaries has a ___ partial press. of O2 and ___ partial press. of CO2
low; high
Each of the _ peptides in a hemoglobin protein has _ heme factor
4; 1
Heme cofactors contain:
organic molecules that contain iron atoms
Iron can bind to oxygen at __ oxidation state
Fe2+
___ broken down from ____ forms bilirubin
heme; hemoglobin
Bilirubin is transported to the ___ and is a component of __
liver; bile
Liver sends bile to ___ for storage
gallbladder
The gallbladder secretes bile into the ___ in the presence of ___
duodenum; fats
About __% of oxygen is transported by binding to hemoglobin proteins found within RBCs
98
CO has ___ greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen
200x
If CO is present, it converts oxyhemoglobin to
carboxyhemoglobin (this suffocates our cells)
Cooperativity
binding of one molecule makes the binding of another molecule more favorable
Cooperativity is seen when:
gases bind to hemoglobin
The __ oxygen is the hardest to bind to heme group
first
True or false: cooperative binding also works in reverse
True - when O2 leaves a heme group and the shape of the polypeptide changes and makes it more likely for the next oxygen to unbind, then the next, and so on
True or false: oxygen is more soluble in blood than CO2
False - CO2 is more soluble in blood than O2
How does CO2 travel in blood?
- blood plasma dissolved as CO2 gas (most travels as HCO3- bicarbonate anion)
- binding to hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbon dioxide that travels bound to hemoglobin (HbCO2)
Left shifted oxygen dissociation curve
representative of hemoglobin binding more tightly to oxygen, which means it is harder to release oxygen to the tissues
Right shifted oxygen dissociation curve
representative of hemoglobin binding more loosely to oxygen, meaning it is easier to release oxygen to the tissues
Right shifted oxygen dissociation curve represent people with:
anemia, living at high altitudes, exercising vigorously
High partial pressure of CO2 result in __ shifted curve
right
Carbon dioxide increases the concentration of ___ via ___ ___
H+; carbonic anhydrase
decreased pH shift the dissociation curve to the: because?
right; protons compete with oxygen in HbO2 which forms reduced hemogobin, lowers oxygen affinity
When there is insufficient oxygen to power aerobic respiration:
2,3-diphosphoglycerate accumulates as the result of anaerobic respiration occurring
2,3-diphosphoglycerate ____ oxygen affinity
decreases
___ body temp causes a shift to the right
increased
___ in partial pressure of co2 results in left-shifted curve
decrease
fetal hemoglobin shows a ___ shifted curve because:
left; fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin to ensure oxygen can be acquired from maternal blood
