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DAT Biology > Chapter 11.2 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 11.2 - Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

cnidaria respiration

A

simple diffusion (no circulatory system)

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2
Q

Annelida respiration

A

simple diffusion

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3
Q

Which phylum include organisms that use open circulatory system

A

Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, crustaceans)

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4
Q

True or false: a large percentage of gas molecules are transported in the hemolymph; small amount diffuses directly to and from cells.

A

false - small percentage transported in hemolymph, majority diffuse directly to/from cells

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5
Q

Insects respire through:

A

spiracles that go into tracheal tubes

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6
Q

Arachnids respire via:

A

book lungs

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7
Q

Fish use __ to respire

A

gills

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8
Q

CO2 leaves fish via:

A

operculum

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9
Q

True or false: left lung is smaller than the right lung

A

true - makes room for the heart

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10
Q

Left lung has _ lobes; right lung has _

A

2; 3

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11
Q

___ is a dual-layered membrane that covers each lung

A

pleura

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12
Q

Outer layer of pleura is called ___ and contacts the:

A

parietal pleura; toracic cavity

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13
Q

Inner layer of pleura is called ___ and makes contact with:

A

visceral pleura; lungs

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14
Q

Pleural space contains fluid at a ___ pressure compared to atmospheric pressure

A

lower

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15
Q

What prevents lungs from collapsing in on themselves?

A

intrapleural/thoracic negative pressure

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16
Q

Diaphragm is a type of ___ muscle

A

skeletal

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17
Q

Diaphragm is innervated by the ___ nerve

A

phrenic nerve

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18
Q

___ is the only organ that only and all mammals have

A

Diaphragm

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19
Q

What happens when external intercostal muscles contract?

A

rib cage fans up and out

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20
Q

External intercostal muscles are innervated by:

A

intercostal nerves

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21
Q

___ ___ decreases the surface tension in the lungs. making inspiration less challenging

A

Pulmonary surfactant

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22
Q

When we exhale, which muscles relax?

A

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles

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23
Q

Internal intercostal muscles function

A

brings ribs closer together which causes volume of lungs/thoracic cavity to decrease even further

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24
Q

Tidal volume

A

refers to the volume of air moving in the lungs during normal breathing

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25
Inspiratory reserve volume
More forceful inhalations allow more air to be inspired than usual (above the tidal volume)
26
Functional residual capacity
The volume of air left in the lungs after a normal tidal exhalation
27
Expiratory reserve volume
More forceful exhalations allow more air to be expired than usual
28
Residual volume
Minimal amount of air always present in the lungs (to prevent them from collapsing)
29
Vital capacity
refers to the maximum volume of air that could be expired following a maximum inhalation
30
Vital capacity includes:
inspiratory reserve, tidal, and expiratory reserve volumes
31
Total lung capacity
includes the residual volume plus vital capacity. In other words, the volume air our lungs could theoretically hold
32
What kind of cells are found in our airways?
Goblet cells, ciliated epithelial cells
33
__ ___ is the first structure air contacts when we inspire air
nasal cavity
34
Goblet cells function
columnar cells that secrete mucus to trap debris
35
Ciliated epithelial cells function
move debris that gets trapped in the mucus that a goblet cell secretes
36
___ marks the beginning of the throat
Pharynx
37
____ is a passageway for both food and air
Pharynx
38
___ is a structure that diverts food and air into their appropriate tubes
epiglottis
39
Epiglottis diverts air into the ___
larynx
40
How does the cough reflex get activated?
If something besides air enters the larynx
41
Upper respiratory tract is made up of:
the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
42
After the larynx, air flows into the
Trachea
43
The ____ is reinforced by C-shaped cartilage
trachea
44
The trachea is covered in what kind of cells?
Ciliated epithelial cells
45
After air passes through the trachea, it flows into:
2 bronchi
46
The bronchi enter the ____ and further branch into ____
lungs; bronchioles
47
Where do bronchioles end?
Alveoli
48
There are _ types of epithelial cells in human alveoli
2: Type 1 and 2
49
Type 1 epithelial cells
found in alveoli, help with structural support
50
Type 2 epithelial cells
found in alveoli, produce surfactant to reduce surface tension so fluid doesn't collapse them
51
___, ___, ___, ___ make up lower respiratory tract
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
52
External respiration
explains how air travels from the nose to the lung alveoli
53
Internal respiration
describes how gas exchange occurs between the blood and body tissues, also cellular respiration
54
Air entering the alveolus has a ___ partial pressure of oxygen and a ___ partial pressure of CO2
high; low
55
Each alveolus is surrounded by:
capillaries
56
Blood arriving at the alveolar capillaries has a ___ partial press. of O2 and ___ partial press. of CO2
low; high
57
Each of the _ peptides in a hemoglobin protein has _ heme factor
4; 1
58
Heme cofactors contain:
organic molecules that contain iron atoms
59
Iron can bind to oxygen at __ oxidation state
Fe2+
60
___ broken down from ____ forms bilirubin
heme; hemoglobin
61
Bilirubin is transported to the ___ and is a component of __
liver; bile
62
Liver sends bile to ___ for storage
gallbladder
63
The gallbladder secretes bile into the ___ in the presence of ___
duodenum; fats
64
About __% of oxygen is transported by binding to hemoglobin proteins found within RBCs
98
65
CO has ___ greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen
200x
66
If CO is present, it converts oxyhemoglobin to
carboxyhemoglobin (this suffocates our cells)
67
Cooperativity
binding of one molecule makes the binding of another molecule more favorable
68
Cooperativity is seen when:
gases bind to hemoglobin
69
The __ oxygen is the hardest to bind to heme group
first
70
True or false: cooperative binding also works in reverse
True - when O2 leaves a heme group and the shape of the polypeptide changes and makes it more likely for the next oxygen to unbind, then the next, and so on
71
True or false: oxygen is more soluble in blood than CO2
False - CO2 is more soluble in blood than O2
72
How does CO2 travel in blood?
- blood plasma dissolved as CO2 gas (most travels as HCO3- bicarbonate anion) - binding to hemoglobin
73
Carbaminohemoglobin
Carbon dioxide that travels bound to hemoglobin (HbCO2)
74
Left shifted oxygen dissociation curve
representative of hemoglobin binding more tightly to oxygen, which means it is harder to release oxygen to the tissues
75
Right shifted oxygen dissociation curve
representative of hemoglobin binding more loosely to oxygen, meaning it is easier to release oxygen to the tissues
76
Right shifted oxygen dissociation curve represent people with:
anemia, living at high altitudes, exercising vigorously
77
High partial pressure of CO2 result in __ shifted curve
right
78
Carbon dioxide increases the concentration of ___ via ___ ___
H+; carbonic anhydrase
79
decreased pH shift the dissociation curve to the: because?
right; protons compete with oxygen in HbO2 which forms reduced hemogobin, lowers oxygen affinity
80
When there is insufficient oxygen to power aerobic respiration:
2,3-diphosphoglycerate accumulates as the result of anaerobic respiration occurring
81
2,3-diphosphoglycerate ____ oxygen affinity
decreases
82
___ body temp causes a shift to the right
increased
83
___ in partial pressure of co2 results in left-shifted curve
decrease
84
fetal hemoglobin shows a ___ shifted curve because:
left; fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin to ensure oxygen can be acquired from maternal blood

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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