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DAT Biology > Chapter 11.2 - Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 11.2 - Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

cnidaria respiration

A

simple diffusion (no circulatory system)

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2
Q

Annelida respiration

A

simple diffusion

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3
Q

Which phylum include organisms that use open circulatory system

A

Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, crustaceans)

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4
Q

True or false: a large percentage of gas molecules are transported in the hemolymph; small amount diffuses directly to and from cells.

A

false - small percentage transported in hemolymph, majority diffuse directly to/from cells

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5
Q

Insects respire through:

A

spiracles that go into tracheal tubes

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6
Q

Arachnids respire via:

A

book lungs

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7
Q

Fish use __ to respire

A

gills

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8
Q

CO2 leaves fish via:

A

operculum

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9
Q

True or false: left lung is smaller than the right lung

A

true - makes room for the heart

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10
Q

Left lung has _ lobes; right lung has _

A

2; 3

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11
Q

___ is a dual-layered membrane that covers each lung

A

pleura

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12
Q

Outer layer of pleura is called ___ and contacts the:

A

parietal pleura; toracic cavity

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13
Q

Inner layer of pleura is called ___ and makes contact with:

A

visceral pleura; lungs

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14
Q

Pleural space contains fluid at a ___ pressure compared to atmospheric pressure

A

lower

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15
Q

What prevents lungs from collapsing in on themselves?

A

intrapleural/thoracic negative pressure

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16
Q

Diaphragm is a type of ___ muscle

A

skeletal

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17
Q

Diaphragm is innervated by the ___ nerve

A

phrenic nerve

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18
Q

___ is the only organ that only and all mammals have

A

Diaphragm

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19
Q

What happens when external intercostal muscles contract?

A

rib cage fans up and out

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20
Q

External intercostal muscles are innervated by:

A

intercostal nerves

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21
Q

___ ___ decreases the surface tension in the lungs. making inspiration less challenging

A

Pulmonary surfactant

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22
Q

When we exhale, which muscles relax?

A

diaphragm, external intercostal muscles

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23
Q

Internal intercostal muscles function

A

brings ribs closer together which causes volume of lungs/thoracic cavity to decrease even further

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24
Q

Tidal volume

A

refers to the volume of air moving in the lungs during normal breathing

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25
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

More forceful inhalations allow more air to be inspired than usual (above the tidal volume)

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26
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after a normal tidal exhalation

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27
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

More forceful exhalations allow more air to be expired than usual

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28
Q

Residual volume

A

Minimal amount of air always present in the lungs (to prevent them from collapsing)

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29
Q

Vital capacity

A

refers to the maximum volume of air that could be expired following a maximum inhalation

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30
Q

Vital capacity includes:

A

inspiratory reserve, tidal, and expiratory reserve volumes

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31
Q

Total lung capacity

A

includes the residual volume plus vital capacity.

In other words, the volume air our lungs could theoretically hold

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32
Q

What kind of cells are found in our airways?

A

Goblet cells, ciliated epithelial cells

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33
Q

__ ___ is the first structure air contacts when we inspire air

A

nasal cavity

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34
Q

Goblet cells function

A

columnar cells that secrete mucus to trap debris

35
Q

Ciliated epithelial cells function

A

move debris that gets trapped in the mucus that a goblet cell secretes

36
Q

___ marks the beginning of the throat

A

Pharynx

37
Q

____ is a passageway for both food and air

A

Pharynx

38
Q

___ is a structure that diverts food and air into their appropriate tubes

A

epiglottis

39
Q

Epiglottis diverts air into the ___

A

larynx

40
Q

How does the cough reflex get activated?

A

If something besides air enters the larynx

41
Q

Upper respiratory tract is made up of:

A

the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

42
Q

After the larynx, air flows into the

A

Trachea

43
Q

The ____ is reinforced by C-shaped cartilage

A

trachea

44
Q

The trachea is covered in what kind of cells?

A

Ciliated epithelial cells

45
Q

After air passes through the trachea, it flows into:

A

2 bronchi

46
Q

The bronchi enter the ____ and further branch into ____

A

lungs; bronchioles

47
Q

Where do bronchioles end?

A

Alveoli

48
Q

There are _ types of epithelial cells in human alveoli

A

2: Type 1 and 2

49
Q

Type 1 epithelial cells

A

found in alveoli, help with structural support

50
Q

Type 2 epithelial cells

A

found in alveoli, produce surfactant to reduce surface tension so fluid doesn’t collapse them

51
Q

___, ___, ___, ___ make up lower respiratory tract

A

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

52
Q

External respiration

A

explains how air travels from the nose to the lung alveoli

53
Q

Internal respiration

A

describes how gas exchange occurs between the blood and body tissues, also cellular respiration

54
Q

Air entering the alveolus has a ___ partial pressure of oxygen and a ___ partial pressure of CO2

A

high; low

55
Q

Each alveolus is surrounded by:

A

capillaries

56
Q

Blood arriving at the alveolar capillaries has a ___ partial press. of O2 and ___ partial press. of CO2

A

low; high

57
Q

Each of the _ peptides in a hemoglobin protein has _ heme factor

A

4; 1

58
Q

Heme cofactors contain:

A

organic molecules that contain iron atoms

59
Q

Iron can bind to oxygen at __ oxidation state

A

Fe2+

60
Q

___ broken down from ____ forms bilirubin

A

heme; hemoglobin

61
Q

Bilirubin is transported to the ___ and is a component of __

A

liver; bile

62
Q

Liver sends bile to ___ for storage

A

gallbladder

63
Q

The gallbladder secretes bile into the ___ in the presence of ___

A

duodenum; fats

64
Q

About __% of oxygen is transported by binding to hemoglobin proteins found within RBCs

A

98

65
Q

CO has ___ greater affinity for hemoglobin than oxygen

A

200x

66
Q

If CO is present, it converts oxyhemoglobin to

A

carboxyhemoglobin (this suffocates our cells)

67
Q

Cooperativity

A

binding of one molecule makes the binding of another molecule more favorable

68
Q

Cooperativity is seen when:

A

gases bind to hemoglobin

69
Q

The __ oxygen is the hardest to bind to heme group

A

first

70
Q

True or false: cooperative binding also works in reverse

A

True - when O2 leaves a heme group and the shape of the polypeptide changes and makes it more likely for the next oxygen to unbind, then the next, and so on

71
Q

True or false: oxygen is more soluble in blood than CO2

A

False - CO2 is more soluble in blood than O2

72
Q

How does CO2 travel in blood?

A
  • blood plasma dissolved as CO2 gas (most travels as HCO3- bicarbonate anion)
  • binding to hemoglobin
73
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

Carbon dioxide that travels bound to hemoglobin (HbCO2)

74
Q

Left shifted oxygen dissociation curve

A

representative of hemoglobin binding more tightly to oxygen, which means it is harder to release oxygen to the tissues

75
Q

Right shifted oxygen dissociation curve

A

representative of hemoglobin binding more loosely to oxygen, meaning it is easier to release oxygen to the tissues

76
Q

Right shifted oxygen dissociation curve represent people with:

A

anemia, living at high altitudes, exercising vigorously

77
Q

High partial pressure of CO2 result in __ shifted curve

A

right

78
Q

Carbon dioxide increases the concentration of ___ via ___ ___

A

H+; carbonic anhydrase

79
Q

decreased pH shift the dissociation curve to the: because?

A

right; protons compete with oxygen in HbO2 which forms reduced hemogobin, lowers oxygen affinity

80
Q

When there is insufficient oxygen to power aerobic respiration:

A

2,3-diphosphoglycerate accumulates as the result of anaerobic respiration occurring

81
Q

2,3-diphosphoglycerate ____ oxygen affinity

A

decreases

82
Q

___ body temp causes a shift to the right

A

increased

83
Q

___ in partial pressure of co2 results in left-shifted curve

A

decrease

84
Q

fetal hemoglobin shows a ___ shifted curve because:

A

left; fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin to ensure oxygen can be acquired from maternal blood

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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