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DAT Biology > Chapter 4 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms (like humans) that obtain chemical energy from the food they eat

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2
Q

autotrophs

A

make their own food

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3
Q

photoautotrophs

A

like plants, capture solar energy and convert it to chemical energy by photosynthesis

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4
Q

photosynthesis releases:

A

oxygen (necessary for cellular respiration)

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5
Q

photosynthesis removes ____ from the air. without this:

A

carbon dioxide; co2 would accumulate in the atmosphere and trap heat (greenhouse effect)

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6
Q

glucose provides plants with ___ ___

A

fixed carbon

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7
Q

____ ___ occurs when inorganic carbon is incorporated into an organic molecule

A

carbon fixation

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8
Q

Where does photosynthesis store solar energy?

A

in the carbon bonds of organic glucose molecules

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9
Q

true or false: photosynthesis is exergonic and spontaneous

A

false - has a positive Gibbs free energy, so it is non-spontaneous and endergonic

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10
Q

photosynthesis and cellular respiration are:

A

essentially opposite reactions

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11
Q

How are photosynthesis and cellular respiration similar?

A

They both utilize a series of redox reactions, also have electron transport chains that create an electrochemical gradient with protons which allows for ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis

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12
Q

Leaf anatomy from top to bottom of leaf

A
  1. Upper epidermic
  2. Palisade mesophyll
  3. Spongy mesophyll
  4. Lower epidermis containing guard cells and stomata
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13
Q

Epidermis tissue is found:

A

on roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds

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14
Q

Epidermis tissue function

A

protects structures from injury, water loss, and infection

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15
Q

Which type of cells conducts most photosynthesis?

A

palisade mesophyll cells

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16
Q

Describe palisade mesophyll cells structure

A

contain many chloroplasts and are well organized as a single layer below the upper epidermis

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17
Q

Which cells conduct some photosynthesis?

A

Spongy mesophyll cells

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18
Q

Why do spongy mesophyll cells not do as much photosynthesis?

A

they have few chloroplasts and do not receive as much light because they are found toward the bottom of the leaf

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19
Q

Primary role of spongy mesophyll cells:

A

facilitating the movement of gases within the leaf. this relates to their structure: the gaps between spongy mesophyll cells allows this gas exchange to occur

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20
Q

stomata

A

pores mainly found in the bottoms of leaves. site of atmospheric gas exchange

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21
Q

guard cells

A

surround stomata and control whether they are open or closed

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22
Q

chloroplasts

A

dual membrane organelles found in plants and photosynthetic algae, they make ATP and have their own DNA

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23
Q

____ are photosynthetic organisms that do not have a chloroplast

A

cyanobacteria

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24
Q

plastid

A

double-membranes cytoplasmic organelles found within plant cells

25
Q

example of plastid in plant cell

A

chloroplast

26
Q

function of plastids

A

store molecules, like pigments and starch

27
Q

stroma

A

fluid that fills area inside inner membrane

28
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

A

stroma of chloroplast

29
Q

thylakoids

A

phospholipid bilayer structured organelle suspended within the stroma

30
Q

Where do light dependent reactions occur?

A

Thylakoids

31
Q

Stack of thylakoids is called:

A

granum

32
Q

Junction between two grana is called

A

lamella

33
Q

Thylakoid lumen

A

interior of the thylakoid where H+ accumulates

34
Q

What is the ATP from the light dependent reactions used for?

A

used to power the Calvin cycle, which makes glucose

35
Q

Each photosystem has a special pair of chlorophyll molecules located in the ___ of the protein, called:

A

center; reaction center

36
Q

Reaction center in Photosystem I:

A

P700 - absorbs 700nm wavelengths best

37
Q

Reaction center in photosystem II:

A

P680 - absorbs 680nm wavelengths best

38
Q

First step of non-cyclic photophosphorylation

A

Photosystem II splits a water molecule to release 2 protons, 2 electrons, 1/2 O2

39
Q

When photons reach photosystem II, they will ____ electrons at the ___ ___. This forces electrons to:

A

excite; reaction center; go to a higher energy level and be passed to primary electron acceptor

40
Q

Excited electrons are passed down the ___ in the _____. The energy released from these electrons is used to:

A

electron transport chain; thylakoid membrane; pump protons from the stroma into the thylakoid lumen

41
Q

What creates an electrochemical gradient in the thylakoid lumen?

A

water splitting and proton pumps

42
Q

Excited electrons from Photosystem II are eventually passed onto:

A

Photosystem I

43
Q

Electrons from Photosystem I travel down a short _____ and eventually reduces ____ to form ____

A

electron transport chain; NADP+; NADPH

44
Q

Cyclic photophosphorylation

A

cell recycles electrons through photosystem I, as opposed to using them too reduce NADP+

45
Q

Purpose of cyclic photophosphorylation

A

continue to bring more H+ into thylakoid lumen to make more ATP while NADPH is low

46
Q

Calvin Cycle is also known as:

A

dark reactions or light independent reactions

47
Q

What is the purpose of the calvin cycle?

A

fixes inorganic carbon dioxide into organic glucose sugars

48
Q

Calvin cycle occurs in the:

A

stroma

49
Q

Calvin cycle needs __ carbon dioxide molecules to synthesize 1 glucose

A

6

50
Q

First stage of calvin cycle is called ____ ____. What happens during this stage?

A

carbon fixation; CO2 combines with ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) which has 5 carbons. This is catalyzed by rubisco. Splits into 2 PGA molecules (phosphoglycerate)

51
Q

Where is rubisco found?

A

Wherever plants are photosynthesizing (most common protein in the world)

52
Q

What happens when CO2 combines with RuBP?

A

molecule is unstable so it splits into 2 PGA molecules (each 3 carbons)

53
Q

Second stage of calvin cycle

A

Where reduction takes place; ATP from light dependent reactions will phosphorylate PGA. NADPH reduces this intermediate to make G3P

54
Q

True or false: all G3P made during calvin cycle is used to generate sugars

A

False - some of it is used to regenerate RuBP. This requires ATP from light dependent reactions

55
Q

3rd stage of calvin cycle

A

Regeneration

56
Q

Overall calvin cycle reaction:

A

6 CO₂ + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + H⁺ → 18 ADP + 18 Pᵢ +12 NADP⁺ + 1 glucose

57
Q

How many ATP is needed to convert G3P to RuBP

A

6 ATP to convert 10 out of 12 G3P

58
Q

How many G3P enter 4th stage of calvin cycle (carbohydrate synthesis)

A

2 G3P

DAT Biology (27 decks)

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