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Radiography > Radiations impact on living tissue (2) > Flashcards

Radiations impact on living tissue (2) Flashcards

1
Q

Variables that contribute to the effects of radiation exposure

A
  • type of radiation
  • strength of radiation energy
  • Part of body exposed
  • Duration of exposure
  • Individual biological factors
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2
Q

Biological effects of radiation exposure

A
  • Radiation burns
  • Radiation sickness
  • Cataracts
  • Genetic effects
  • Cancer
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3
Q

Define ALARA

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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4
Q

Particulate Radiation exposure can have the potential to be _____ than an equivalent exposure of waveform radiation.

A

far worse

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5
Q

How is someone exposed to particulate radiation?

A

Result of leaking radioactive materials (rare)

  • Skin contact
  • Inhaled
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6
Q

What is the ICRP?

A

International Commission on Radiological Protection

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7
Q

What are the two main objectives of the ICRP guidelines?

A
  1. prevent severe or over exposure

2. limit prolonged or “chronic” exposure to acceptable levels

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8
Q

Name the effective dose limits for Radiation workers

per 1 year
per 1 year (special circumstance)
per 5 years
per balance of pregnancy

A

20mSv/year (2rem)

50mSv/year (5rem)

100mSv/5 years (10rem)

2mSv/balance of pregnancy (200mrem)

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9
Q

Name the effective dose limits for the general public

per 1 year

A

1mSv/year (0.1rem)

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10
Q

What is an Effective Dose?

A

Sum of all tissues weighted equivalent doses.

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11
Q

What are the Equivalent Doses for different parts of the body?

Skin, Hands/Feet, Lens of eye for NEW and Public

A

Skin:

  • 500mSv for NEW
  • 50mSv for Public

Hands/Feet:

  • 500mSv for NEW
  • 50mSv for Public

Lens of eye:

  • 150mSv for NEW
  • 15mSv for Public
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12
Q

Classification of Radiation Effects

A
  • First person or Genetic
  • Time of exposure
  • Time for effects
  • Prediction of effects
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13
Q

Somatic Effects

A

Effects experienced by the individual who received the exposure

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14
Q

Genetic Effects

A

Effects passed from parent to child due to mutations in reproductive cells from exposure

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15
Q

Acute Exposure

A

Exposure to a large dose in a short time period

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16
Q

Chronic Exposure

A

Exposure to a small dose over a long time period

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17
Q

Somatic Effects

A

Effects evident a short time after exposure

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18
Q

Delayed Effects

A

Effects evident after years, decades or generations after exposure

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19
Q

Stochastic Effects

A

Effects associated with long-term, chronic exposure with no known minimum threshold.

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20
Q

Non-Stochastic Effects

A

Effects from high levels of radiation, that become more severe as exposure increases.
Below a known threshold, effects do not occur.

21
Q

Name the two clinical effects of Ionization

A

Direct Action
and
Indirect Action

22
Q

What is Direct Action?

A

Cell damage occurs when radiation interacts DIRECTLY with a cells molecules.

  • damage DNA, tissues or organs (increase or decrease in hormone and enzyme production)
  • Alteration of cell birth rate
  • Death to affected tissues or organs
23
Q

What is Indirect Action?

A

Radiation interacts with water molecules in the body, producing Free Radicals.

  • Prevents cell division (large cells)
  • Produce genetically altered cells
  • cell death
  • alter cell birth rate
24
Q

What are Free Radicals?

A

Particles formed when radiation interacts with water in the body. Formed when bonds between atoms are broken.

  • Unstable (+ charge)
  • Highly reactive
25
Q

Factors that can impact Biological effects

A
  • exposed tissue’s radio sensitivity
  • type of radiation
  • percent of body exposed
  • amount of dose received
  • dose rate
  • age of person
  • biological differences
26
Q

New cells are ___ affected by radiation

A

more

27
Q

the more active the cell the ____ affected by radiation

A

more

28
Q

Undernourished cells are ____ affected by radiation

A

less

29
Q

Most affected cells are:

A

those related to blood and blood-forming organs

  • red (erythrocytes)
  • white (leucocytes)
  • platelets (thrombocytes)
30
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

White Cells (spleen and lymph nodes)

A

High

Scar tissue and promote antibodies

31
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

White Cells (bone marrow)

A

High

Combat bacterial infections

32
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

Basal Cells

A

High

Produce complex cells (gonads, bone marrow, cornea, skin, alimentary canal)

33
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

Alveolar Cells

A

High

Absorb oxygen from air and release CO2 into the blood

34
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

Bile Duct Cells

A

Moderate

Associated with digestion

35
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

Cells of Tubules of kidneys

A

Moderate

Keep toxins from entering bloodstream, produce body functioning hormones (regulate blood pressure, produce red blood cells, regulate minerals and fluid)

36
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

Endothelial Cells

A

Moderate

Line the heart and blood vessels

37
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

Fat and Bone

A

Low or Radio-Resistant

Connective tissue (muscles, ligaments, tendons)

38
Q

Sensitivity and Function of:

Nerves and Brain

A

Low or Radio-Resistant

Brain function and fine motor skills

39
Q

A whole body does is ____ than a restricted dose

A

ALWAYS worse

40
Q

The higher the does received in one exposure the ____ the damage

A

larger/more

41
Q

A dose received in a short time frame is ____ than the same dose over a longer time frame

A

worse

will cause more damage, tissues can receive much larger doses over time

42
Q

Who is the most affected by radiation and why?

A

Fetuses, more cell division is occurring.

43
Q

When do signs of radiation sickness first appear?

A

entire body, absorbed dose of at least 1 Gy

44
Q

Doses after this point are no longer treatable and often lead to death

A

6 Gy, death within 2 days or several weeks

45
Q

What are some early symptoms of radiation sickness?

A

Nausea
Vomiting

after this stage more dangerous complications occur

46
Q

Effects from high radiation doses include:

A
  • ulcers
  • blood change
  • dizziness
  • disorientation
  • hair loss
  • infections
47
Q

Effects from VERY high doses include:

A
  • destruction of intestinal lining
  • internal bleeding
  • rapid weight loss
  • nervous system damage
  • death within hours or days
48
Q

Steps to repair and recover from radiation exposure

A
  • complete rest
  • sterile environment
  • antibiotics
  • blood transfusions
  • intravenous feeding
49
Q

Define recovery period

A

Time required for radiation damage to be repaired by the body

Radiography (43 decks)

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