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Understanding Human Disease > Quiz over Cardriomapothy-Respiratiry System > Flashcards

Quiz over Cardriomapothy-Respiratiry System Flashcards

1
Q

Organ Failure

A

inadequacy of cardiac pump which can cause cariogenic shock or heart failure

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2
Q

Heart failure

A

term used to describe several types of cardiac dysfunction that results in inadequate perfusion of tissue with blood borne-nutrients

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3
Q

Left sided heart failure

A
  • more common

- left ventricle is not moving enough blood to the body

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4
Q

Right sided heart failure

A
  • right side of heart isn’t pumping blood into the lungs as well
  • blood is less oxygenated
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5
Q

Sudden cardiac death

A

natural death from cardiac causes within one hour of acute symptoms (not a heart attack)

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6
Q

hematopoiesis

A
  • formation of blood cellular components in the bone marrow
  • bone marrow is multiple potent stem cell
  • lymphoid or myeloid process
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7
Q

hemoglobin

A

iron containing oxygen transporting metal protein in RBC

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8
Q

Heme

A

precurser to hemoglobin

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9
Q

erythropoiesos

A

formation of RBC

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10
Q

what is needed for erythropoiesos to occur

A
  1. ) protein
  2. ) Iron
  3. ) vitamin B12
  4. ) Folic acid
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11
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

hormone produced by the kidneys that simulates RBC production

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12
Q

where do platelets come from

A

fragmenets of megakaryocyte

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13
Q

hematocrit

A
  • the volume % of RBC in blood

- normal is 12-16 g/dl of blood

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14
Q

blood smear

A

looks at blood cells

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15
Q

anemia

A
  • abnormally low hemoglobin

- Caused by low hemoglobin in RBC or low RBC number

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16
Q

microcytic

A

smaller than normal

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17
Q

Macrocytic

A
  • larger than normal
  • due to deficiency in B12 of folic acid
  • causes very few but very O2 rich hemoglobin
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18
Q

normocytic anemia

A

normal size and appearance

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19
Q

microcytic anemia

A

-cells smaller tha normal

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20
Q

Hypochronic anemia

A

reduced hemoglobin count

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21
Q

hypochronic microcytic anemia

A

reduced hemoglobin and smaller size

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22
Q

iron-deficeny anemia

A
  • hypochormic microcytic anemia

- caused by low iron or chronuc blood loss

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23
Q

Perinicious anemia

A
  • lack of B12 resulting in macrocytic anemia

- the lack of B12 can’t combine with instrinsic factor in the stomach

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24
Q

anemia of chronic disease

A

mild supression if bone marrow

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25
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

atrophy of bone marrow via injury

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26
Q

myelopthisic anemia

A

bone marrow infiltrated by tumor or replaced by fibrous tissue

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27
Q

hemolytic anemia

A
  • premature destruction of RBC

- caused by active bone marrow, increased EPO, or increased reticulocytes

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28
Q

reticulocytes

A

premature RBC

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29
Q

polycythemia

A
  • too many RBC
  • primary: disease is main cause
  • secondary: second to another disease
  • causes blood to be thick
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30
Q

leukocytosis

A
  • too many WBC

- can be normal if sick with infection

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31
Q

leukopenia

A

-too little WBC

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32
Q

Infectous Mononucleosis

A
  • infection of lymphocytes (B cells)

- caused by Epstein-Barr Virus

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33
Q

Leukemia

A
  • malignant disease involving WBC precursors in bone marrow

- can be myeloid or lymphoid and acute or chronic

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34
Q

common types of leukemia

A
  • granulocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
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35
Q

features of leukemia

A
  • anemia
  • thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
  • common infections
  • high WBC count
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36
Q

what is the most common leukemia in children?

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

37
Q

Lymphomas

A

affecting T and B cells that are present in lymph nodes

38
Q

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

A
  • cancer cells can spill into blood and be misdiagnosed as leukemia
  • more common with age
39
Q

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A
  • most common cancer in 10-30 year olds
  • Reed-sternberg cells
  • B cells gone rogue (don’t act normal)
  • can be assocaited with Epstein-Barr Virus
40
Q

Myeloma

A
  • malignant disease of plasma cells

- patients 45 or older

41
Q

what occurs in myeloma

A
  • body has useless antibodies (won’t function)
  • impaired humoral immunity
  • hypogammaglobulunemia
  • most common cause of death is infection of renal failure
42
Q

hypogammaglobulinemia

A

low antibodies in blood associated with myeloma

43
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

too many platelets

44
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

too little platelets

45
Q

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

A

platelets antibodies attack platelets in blood

46
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

47
Q

Phase 1 of hemostasis

A

Vasoconstriction

  • lumen narrows to lower blood loss
  • bring hemostatic components of blood closer to proximity
48
Q

Phase 2 of hemostasis

A

Platelet Plug

  • thrombocytes are activated when exposed to collagen
  • platelets become round and sticky
  • secrete granules
49
Q

ADP

A

stimulates shape change of platelets and released thromboxane A2

50
Q

Thromboxane A2

A

amplifies initial clumping of platelets

51
Q

vasoactive amines

A

epiphrine helps maintain vasoconstriction

52
Q

Phase 3 of hemostasis

A

Clot by Coagulation

  • extrinsic/tissue factor due to trauma
  • instrinsic/contact coagulation
  • Cascade: Thrombin activates fibrinogen and fibrinogen activates fibrin
53
Q

plasminogen

A
  • secreted by liver in active form
  • plasminogen activated when cells secrete Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
  • plasminogen turns to plasmin
  • desolve fibrin
54
Q

Tissue Plasminogen Activator clinical uses

A

used in myocardial infarct and strokes

55
Q

`hypersplenism

A

enlarged spleen causes early removal of platelets

56
Q

Virchows Triangle

A
  • endothelial injury
  • altered blood flow
  • hypercoagulability
57
Q

altered blood flow

A
  • arteries: turbulent

- veins: stasis

58
Q

how is birth control related to Virchows traingle

A

increase in estrogen levels increase coagulation factors

59
Q

Warfarin

A
  • anti-coagulation
  • reduces amount of vitmain K available
  • reduces coagulation
60
Q

Heparin

A
  • anti-coagulation

- inactivates thrombin

61
Q

Asprin

A
  • anti-platelets
  • inhibits thromboxane A2 formation
  • decrease platelet number
62
Q

hemophilia

A
  • caused by too little coagulation
  • acquired by liver disease or lack of vitamin K
  • causes big and spontaneous bruising, blood in urine, bleeding in mouth/lips/tongue
  • X linked disorder
63
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

A

-increases clotting by releasing thromboplastic material in circulation
-used for:
snake bites, gram - bacteria, surgery,

64
Q

function of alveoli

A

site of gas exchange and produce surfactant

65
Q

mucociliary escalator

A

specialized epithelial lniing of bronchiol tree that traps inhaled particles in mucus and move it into mouth to be swallowed

66
Q

respiratory acidosis

A
  • hypoventilation

- more CO2 being held in

67
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A
  • hyperventilation (increased breathing rate)

- blowing CO2 out

68
Q

intrapleural pressure

A
  • pressure within pleural cavity

- normally lower than intrapulomary pressure to hold lungs open

69
Q

spirometry

A

tests for lung volumes and capacities

70
Q

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

A

amount if air you can inhale and forcefully exhale

71
Q

Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1)

A

amount of air you can inhale and forcefully exhale in 1 second

72
Q

athelectasis

A

collapsed lung

73
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

dilation of bronchus

74
Q

consolidation

A

filling air spaces by anything other than air

75
Q

pneumothraz

A

air in pleural cavity causing collapsed lung

76
Q

restrictive lung disease

A

restricts air inhaled

77
Q

obstructive lung disease

A
  • difficulty exhaling air

- caused decrease in FEV1

78
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A
  • alveoli don’t make enough surfactant causing them to expand less and collapse in exhaling
  • premature infant, C section infant, infant w diabetic mother
  • supplemental oxygen and surfactant
79
Q

Cystic Fibrosus

A
  • mutation in chloride channel causing passagways to be plugged with mucus
  • causes: bronchiectasis (dilation of bronchi), can’t move mucus out, coughing blood, and collapsed lung
80
Q

pneumonia

A
  • inflammation of alveoli
  • bacteria, virus, fungi, or mycoplasma
  • purulent sputum, high fever
  • at risk: infection or retention of bronchi secretion
81
Q

causes and symptoms Obstructive lung disease

A

wheezing, coughing, dyspena, tachypnea

82
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A
  • group of disorders characterized by reducing airflow and impairing gas exchange
  • progressive, non reversible
  • age related
  • types: emphysema and chronic bronchitis
83
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A
  • inflammation of bronchioles

- persistant cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive years

84
Q

Emphysema

A

destruction of elastic tissue in alveoli causing them to deflate

85
Q

Asthma

A
  • type of obstructive pulomary disease, not COPD becuase it can be reversed
  • assocaited with bronchospasms
  • most cases are allergic based
86
Q

treatment of asthma

A
  • drugs that dilate bronchiol walls (epinphrine)

- drugs reducing inflammation (corticosteroid inhalers)

87
Q

noninfectious interstitial disease

A

infection if space between that is not a bacteria or virus

88
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A
  • diffuse alveolar damage (alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium)
  • results in hypoxemia which can lead to organ failure

Understanding Human Disease (13 decks)

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