Quiz over Cardriomapothy-Respiratiry System Flashcards
Organ Failure
inadequacy of cardiac pump which can cause cariogenic shock or heart failure
Heart failure
term used to describe several types of cardiac dysfunction that results in inadequate perfusion of tissue with blood borne-nutrients
Left sided heart failure
- more common
- left ventricle is not moving enough blood to the body
Right sided heart failure
- right side of heart isn’t pumping blood into the lungs as well
- blood is less oxygenated
Sudden cardiac death
natural death from cardiac causes within one hour of acute symptoms (not a heart attack)
hematopoiesis
- formation of blood cellular components in the bone marrow
- bone marrow is multiple potent stem cell
- lymphoid or myeloid process
hemoglobin
iron containing oxygen transporting metal protein in RBC
Heme
precurser to hemoglobin
erythropoiesos
formation of RBC
what is needed for erythropoiesos to occur
- ) protein
- ) Iron
- ) vitamin B12
- ) Folic acid
Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone produced by the kidneys that simulates RBC production
where do platelets come from
fragmenets of megakaryocyte
hematocrit
- the volume % of RBC in blood
- normal is 12-16 g/dl of blood
blood smear
looks at blood cells
anemia
- abnormally low hemoglobin
- Caused by low hemoglobin in RBC or low RBC number
microcytic
smaller than normal
Macrocytic
- larger than normal
- due to deficiency in B12 of folic acid
- causes very few but very O2 rich hemoglobin
normocytic anemia
normal size and appearance
microcytic anemia
-cells smaller tha normal
Hypochronic anemia
reduced hemoglobin count
hypochronic microcytic anemia
reduced hemoglobin and smaller size
iron-deficeny anemia
- hypochormic microcytic anemia
- caused by low iron or chronuc blood loss
Perinicious anemia
- lack of B12 resulting in macrocytic anemia
- the lack of B12 can’t combine with instrinsic factor in the stomach
anemia of chronic disease
mild supression if bone marrow
Aplastic anemia
atrophy of bone marrow via injury
myelopthisic anemia
bone marrow infiltrated by tumor or replaced by fibrous tissue
hemolytic anemia
- premature destruction of RBC
- caused by active bone marrow, increased EPO, or increased reticulocytes
reticulocytes
premature RBC
polycythemia
- too many RBC
- primary: disease is main cause
- secondary: second to another disease
- causes blood to be thick
leukocytosis
- too many WBC
- can be normal if sick with infection
leukopenia
-too little WBC
Infectous Mononucleosis
- infection of lymphocytes (B cells)
- caused by Epstein-Barr Virus
Leukemia
- malignant disease involving WBC precursors in bone marrow
- can be myeloid or lymphoid and acute or chronic
common types of leukemia
- granulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
features of leukemia
- anemia
- thrombocytopenia (bleeding)
- common infections
- high WBC count
what is the most common leukemia in children?
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Lymphomas
affecting T and B cells that are present in lymph nodes
Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma
- cancer cells can spill into blood and be misdiagnosed as leukemia
- more common with age
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- most common cancer in 10-30 year olds
- Reed-sternberg cells
- B cells gone rogue (don’t act normal)
- can be assocaited with Epstein-Barr Virus
Myeloma
- malignant disease of plasma cells
- patients 45 or older
what occurs in myeloma
- body has useless antibodies (won’t function)
- impaired humoral immunity
- hypogammaglobulunemia
- most common cause of death is infection of renal failure
hypogammaglobulinemia
low antibodies in blood associated with myeloma
Thrombocytosis
too many platelets
thrombocytopenia
too little platelets
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
platelets antibodies attack platelets in blood
hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
Phase 1 of hemostasis
Vasoconstriction
- lumen narrows to lower blood loss
- bring hemostatic components of blood closer to proximity
Phase 2 of hemostasis
Platelet Plug
- thrombocytes are activated when exposed to collagen
- platelets become round and sticky
- secrete granules
ADP
stimulates shape change of platelets and released thromboxane A2
Thromboxane A2
amplifies initial clumping of platelets
vasoactive amines
epiphrine helps maintain vasoconstriction
Phase 3 of hemostasis
Clot by Coagulation
- extrinsic/tissue factor due to trauma
- instrinsic/contact coagulation
- Cascade: Thrombin activates fibrinogen and fibrinogen activates fibrin
plasminogen
- secreted by liver in active form
- plasminogen activated when cells secrete Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
- plasminogen turns to plasmin
- desolve fibrin
Tissue Plasminogen Activator clinical uses
used in myocardial infarct and strokes
`hypersplenism
enlarged spleen causes early removal of platelets
Virchows Triangle
- endothelial injury
- altered blood flow
- hypercoagulability
altered blood flow
- arteries: turbulent
- veins: stasis
how is birth control related to Virchows traingle
increase in estrogen levels increase coagulation factors
Warfarin
- anti-coagulation
- reduces amount of vitmain K available
- reduces coagulation
Heparin
- anti-coagulation
- inactivates thrombin
Asprin
- anti-platelets
- inhibits thromboxane A2 formation
- decrease platelet number
hemophilia
- caused by too little coagulation
- acquired by liver disease or lack of vitamin K
- causes big and spontaneous bruising, blood in urine, bleeding in mouth/lips/tongue
- X linked disorder
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
-increases clotting by releasing thromboplastic material in circulation
-used for:
snake bites, gram - bacteria, surgery,
function of alveoli
site of gas exchange and produce surfactant
mucociliary escalator
specialized epithelial lniing of bronchiol tree that traps inhaled particles in mucus and move it into mouth to be swallowed
respiratory acidosis
- hypoventilation
- more CO2 being held in
respiratory alkalosis
- hyperventilation (increased breathing rate)
- blowing CO2 out
intrapleural pressure
- pressure within pleural cavity
- normally lower than intrapulomary pressure to hold lungs open
spirometry
tests for lung volumes and capacities
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
amount if air you can inhale and forcefully exhale
Forced Expiratory Volume 1 (FEV1)
amount of air you can inhale and forcefully exhale in 1 second
athelectasis
collapsed lung
Bronchiectasis
dilation of bronchus
consolidation
filling air spaces by anything other than air
pneumothraz
air in pleural cavity causing collapsed lung
restrictive lung disease
restricts air inhaled
obstructive lung disease
- difficulty exhaling air
- caused decrease in FEV1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- alveoli don’t make enough surfactant causing them to expand less and collapse in exhaling
- premature infant, C section infant, infant w diabetic mother
- supplemental oxygen and surfactant
Cystic Fibrosus
- mutation in chloride channel causing passagways to be plugged with mucus
- causes: bronchiectasis (dilation of bronchi), can’t move mucus out, coughing blood, and collapsed lung
pneumonia
- inflammation of alveoli
- bacteria, virus, fungi, or mycoplasma
- purulent sputum, high fever
- at risk: infection or retention of bronchi secretion
causes and symptoms Obstructive lung disease
wheezing, coughing, dyspena, tachypnea
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- group of disorders characterized by reducing airflow and impairing gas exchange
- progressive, non reversible
- age related
- types: emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Chronic Bronchitis
- inflammation of bronchioles
- persistant cough for 3 months in 2 consecutive years
Emphysema
destruction of elastic tissue in alveoli causing them to deflate
Asthma
- type of obstructive pulomary disease, not COPD becuase it can be reversed
- assocaited with bronchospasms
- most cases are allergic based
treatment of asthma
- drugs that dilate bronchiol walls (epinphrine)
- drugs reducing inflammation (corticosteroid inhalers)
noninfectious interstitial disease
infection if space between that is not a bacteria or virus
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- diffuse alveolar damage (alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium)
- results in hypoxemia which can lead to organ failure
