Kidneys and Urinary Tract Exam 4 Flashcards
Pylelonephritis
infection in the kidneys
Uremia
urine in blood
Glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli
Glomerulosclerosis
hardening of the glomeruli
BUN
blood urea nitrogen
Nephrotic glomerulosclerosis
- massive proteinuria
- leads to hypoalbuminemia
Renal calcui (urolithiasis)
kidney stones
Vesicoureteral reflux
back flow of urine into the ureters
-increase chance for UTI
Lithotripsy
noninvasive procedure where kidney stones are broken up into smaller pieces
Cytoscopy
prob up the urethra
Tubulointersitial nephritis
intersitial spaces between tubules become inflammed
hematuria
blood in urine
Polyuria
increased frequency of urination
Nocturia
increased urination during the night
oligouria
decreased frequency of urination
Anuria
no urination
dysuria
painful urination
nephritic glomeruloscleoris
- inflammation induced injury of capillaries
- lots of hematuria
Blood Urea Nitrogen Test
Test that looks for nitrogen waste products that is caused when kidneys won’t excrete urea normally
renal agenesis
failure of one or both kidneys to develop
bilateral renal agenesis
- associated with other congential anomalies
- rare, and not compatible with life
unilateral renal agenesis
- asymptomatic
- other kidney enlargens to compensate
- common
malposition
fusion of kidneys to create a horse shoe shape
-function is usually normal
renal hypoplasia
- decreased number in kidney cells
- results in a small kidneys but normal nephron, just less of them
- unilateral (no symptoms) and bilateral
renal dysplasia
- abnormal kidney cell division
- causes small kidneys and disorganized malformed tissue
- can be unilateral or bilateral
Heridtary Polycystic Kidney disease
- cysts on kidneys
- replace nephron and kidney function
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
- affects kids
- has liver involvement
- rare
Autosomal Dominant polycystic kidney disease
- affects adults
- less liver involvment
- cysts develop everywhere
- reduced like expectancy
Urinary Tract Infection
bacteria contaminates the perianal and genital areas
defense against UTI
- washout phenomenon
- Normal bacterial flora
- Urine pH of 6
symptoms of UTI
- burning in urination (dysuria)
- frequent urination
- cloudy urine
- odor
- stomach pain
- fever
risk factors of UTI
- female
- any condition that impair free flow of urine
- sexual activity
- diabetes
- vesicoureteral reflux
- catherization
sympyoms of pyelonephritis
- sudden onset
- flank pain
- fever
- leukocytosis
what are urolithiasis formed pf?
calcium and uric acid
symptoms of kidney stone
- hematuria
- flank pain
risk factors of kidney stone
- dehydration
- metabolic disorders (GOUT)
- urinary tract obstruction
urinary obstruction
- blockage of urine
- causes an upstream collection of urine
complications of urinary obstructionn
- stone formation
- infections
glomerular disease
group of disease due to damage of major areas in glomerulus (endothelium, podocytes, BM)
clinical hallmarks for glomerular disease
- loss of kidney function
- edema
- proteinuria
- hematuria
cause of glomerular disease
immunologically mediated
focal segmental glomeruloscleorsis
- hardening of small parts of the glomeruli
- progressive disease
acute post infectious glomerulonephritis
-follows a bacterial infection
clinical course in children of acute post infectious glomerulonephritis
- sudden onset
- edems
- nauseas, malaise, fever
- oliguria
- hypertension
- elevated blood urea nitrogen
- increase RBC and protein in urine
- 95% recovery
what diseases can lead to glomeruscleoriss
hypertension and diabetes
pathology of glomerulosclerosis
- renal arteries thicken and scar
- narrowing of lumen and reduced blood flow
- reduced glomerular filatrion
- kidney’s shrink
diabetic nephropathy
complications of long-standing diabetes causes pathological damage in nephrons
what is the most common cause of renal failure?
diabetic nephropathy
urothelial carcinoma
- bladder cancer
- smoking is the most common risk factor
nephroblastomas or Wilms Tumor
- kidney cancer in children
- rare but highly malignant
Renal Cell Carcinoma
- kidney cancer in adults
- hematuria first symptoms
risk factors for renal cell carcinoma
- smoking
- age
- males
- chronic kidney disease
renal failure
kidney’s don’t function and din’t excrete waste from body
Acute Renal failure
- reversible is caught in time
- sudden and rapidly progressive within hours
- abrupt reduction in renal function
chronic renal failure
- slowly progressing
- can end in end stage renal failure
- no reversible
acute tubular necrosis
-damage to epithelial cells in tubules
pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis
- ) impaired renal blood flow (shock or DIC)
2. ) toxic drugs or chemicals
chronic renal disease
-irreversible loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ system
what is the main cause of chronic renal disease in the US?
hypertension and diabetes
treatment for renal failure
dialysis and kidney transplant
peritoneal dialysis
saline solution injected in abdomen and picks up waste then sucked out
extracorporeal dialysis
- more common
- blood taken out and cleaned in machine the put back in
