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Understanding Human Disease > Kidneys and Urinary Tract Exam 4 > Flashcards

Kidneys and Urinary Tract Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Pylelonephritis

A

infection in the kidneys

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2
Q

Uremia

A

urine in blood

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3
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the glomeruli

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4
Q

Glomerulosclerosis

A

hardening of the glomeruli

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5
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen

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6
Q

Nephrotic glomerulosclerosis

A
  • massive proteinuria

- leads to hypoalbuminemia

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7
Q

Renal calcui (urolithiasis)

A

kidney stones

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8
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux

A

back flow of urine into the ureters

-increase chance for UTI

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9
Q

Lithotripsy

A

noninvasive procedure where kidney stones are broken up into smaller pieces

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10
Q

Cytoscopy

A

prob up the urethra

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11
Q

Tubulointersitial nephritis

A

intersitial spaces between tubules become inflammed

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12
Q

hematuria

A

blood in urine

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13
Q

Polyuria

A

increased frequency of urination

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14
Q

Nocturia

A

increased urination during the night

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15
Q

oligouria

A

decreased frequency of urination

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16
Q

Anuria

A

no urination

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17
Q

dysuria

A

painful urination

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18
Q

nephritic glomeruloscleoris

A
  • inflammation induced injury of capillaries

- lots of hematuria

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19
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen Test

A

Test that looks for nitrogen waste products that is caused when kidneys won’t excrete urea normally

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20
Q

renal agenesis

A

failure of one or both kidneys to develop

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21
Q

bilateral renal agenesis

A
  • associated with other congential anomalies

- rare, and not compatible with life

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22
Q

unilateral renal agenesis

A
  • asymptomatic
  • other kidney enlargens to compensate
  • common
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23
Q

malposition

A

fusion of kidneys to create a horse shoe shape

-function is usually normal

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24
Q

renal hypoplasia

A
  • decreased number in kidney cells
  • results in a small kidneys but normal nephron, just less of them
  • unilateral (no symptoms) and bilateral
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25
Q

renal dysplasia

A
  • abnormal kidney cell division
  • causes small kidneys and disorganized malformed tissue
  • can be unilateral or bilateral
26
Q

Heridtary Polycystic Kidney disease

A
  • cysts on kidneys

- replace nephron and kidney function

27
Q

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

A
  • affects kids
  • has liver involvement
  • rare
28
Q

Autosomal Dominant polycystic kidney disease

A
  • affects adults
  • less liver involvment
  • cysts develop everywhere
  • reduced like expectancy
29
Q

Urinary Tract Infection

A

bacteria contaminates the perianal and genital areas

30
Q

defense against UTI

A
  • washout phenomenon
  • Normal bacterial flora
  • Urine pH of 6
31
Q

symptoms of UTI

A
  • burning in urination (dysuria)
  • frequent urination
  • cloudy urine
  • odor
  • stomach pain
  • fever
32
Q

risk factors of UTI

A
  • female
  • any condition that impair free flow of urine
  • sexual activity
  • diabetes
  • vesicoureteral reflux
  • catherization
33
Q

sympyoms of pyelonephritis

A
  • sudden onset
  • flank pain
  • fever
  • leukocytosis
34
Q

what are urolithiasis formed pf?

A

calcium and uric acid

35
Q

symptoms of kidney stone

A
  • hematuria

- flank pain

36
Q

risk factors of kidney stone

A
  • dehydration
  • metabolic disorders (GOUT)
  • urinary tract obstruction
37
Q

urinary obstruction

A
  • blockage of urine

- causes an upstream collection of urine

38
Q

complications of urinary obstructionn

A
  • stone formation

- infections

39
Q

glomerular disease

A

group of disease due to damage of major areas in glomerulus (endothelium, podocytes, BM)

40
Q

clinical hallmarks for glomerular disease

A
  • loss of kidney function
  • edema
  • proteinuria
  • hematuria
41
Q

cause of glomerular disease

A

immunologically mediated

42
Q

focal segmental glomeruloscleorsis

A
  • hardening of small parts of the glomeruli

- progressive disease

43
Q

acute post infectious glomerulonephritis

A

-follows a bacterial infection

44
Q

clinical course in children of acute post infectious glomerulonephritis

A
  • sudden onset
  • edems
  • nauseas, malaise, fever
  • oliguria
  • hypertension
  • elevated blood urea nitrogen
  • increase RBC and protein in urine
  • 95% recovery
45
Q

what diseases can lead to glomeruscleoriss

A

hypertension and diabetes

46
Q

pathology of glomerulosclerosis

A
  • renal arteries thicken and scar
  • narrowing of lumen and reduced blood flow
  • reduced glomerular filatrion
  • kidney’s shrink
47
Q

diabetic nephropathy

A

complications of long-standing diabetes causes pathological damage in nephrons

48
Q

what is the most common cause of renal failure?

A

diabetic nephropathy

49
Q

urothelial carcinoma

A
  • bladder cancer

- smoking is the most common risk factor

50
Q

nephroblastomas or Wilms Tumor

A
  • kidney cancer in children

- rare but highly malignant

51
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • kidney cancer in adults

- hematuria first symptoms

52
Q

risk factors for renal cell carcinoma

A
  • smoking
  • age
  • males
  • chronic kidney disease
53
Q

renal failure

A

kidney’s don’t function and din’t excrete waste from body

54
Q

Acute Renal failure

A
  • reversible is caught in time
  • sudden and rapidly progressive within hours
  • abrupt reduction in renal function
55
Q

chronic renal failure

A
  • slowly progressing
  • can end in end stage renal failure
  • no reversible
56
Q

acute tubular necrosis

A

-damage to epithelial cells in tubules

57
Q

pathogenesis of acute tubular necrosis

A
  1. ) impaired renal blood flow (shock or DIC)

2. ) toxic drugs or chemicals

58
Q

chronic renal disease

A

-irreversible loss of renal function that affects nearly all organ system

59
Q

what is the main cause of chronic renal disease in the US?

A

hypertension and diabetes

60
Q

treatment for renal failure

A

dialysis and kidney transplant

61
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A

saline solution injected in abdomen and picks up waste then sucked out

62
Q

extracorporeal dialysis

A
  • more common

- blood taken out and cleaned in machine the put back in

Understanding Human Disease (13 decks)

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