Exam 3 Flashcards
Hematemesis
vomiting blood
Diverticulosis
out-pouching of the large intestine resulting in materials getting stuck
Hematochezia
- bright red colored blood in stool
- often Occult fecal blood
Gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
megacolon
abnormal stretch of the colon
Hernia
bulging of organ or tissue through abdominal opening
constipation
infrequent and/or difficulty passing stool
diarrhea
abnormally frequent and watery stool
Retching
nonproductive vomiting, also known as dry heaving
Dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
chronic heartburn
signs and symptoms of GI diseases
- ) anorexia
- ) altered motility (vomiting, diarrhea, constipation)
- ) nausea
- ) retching
- ) dysphagia
- ) bleeding in upper or lower GI
gastric analysis
measures amount of stomach acid
Endoscopy
procedure used to look inside GI tract with a camera and a light
Sigmoidscopy
procedure used to look in sigmoid colon with light and camera
colonoscopy
procedure used to look in colon with light and camera
Congenital Pyloric Sphincter
- narrowing of the pyloric sphincter
- idiopathic
- causes projective vomiting 2-4 weeks after birth and no weight gain
- occurs mostly in boys
Hirschsprung disease
- lack of parasympathetic NS ganglia in rectum
- causes defective bowel movements and megacolon
- suspected in infants with chronic constipation and distended abdomen
- surgical removal
Inguinal Hernia
- out-pouching of abdominal content into groin
- danger for bowel strangulation
- more common on men due to testes development in abdominal cavity during utero
types of hernias
- ) inguinal
- ) Hiatal
- ) Epigastric
- ) umbilical
GERD vs LPR
- GERD: acid refluxes into esophagus only
- LPR: acid refluxed into esophagus and spills into pharynx and larynx
pathogenesis/predisposing factors of GERD
- ) alcohol: weakens sphincters
- ) obesity
- ) eating late at night/laying down after eating:
- ) age
- ) Pregnancy
Risk factors for GERD
- ) Burrets esophagus (metaplasia of esophagus cells)
2. ) esophageal cancer
treatment for GERD
- avoid foods increasing reflux
- proton pump inhibitors (decrease amount of acid)
- avoid laying down after meal
symptoms of gastritis
- nausea
- vomiting
- epigastric pain
what causes acute gastritis
- ) Taking non steroidal inflammatories on an empty stomach
2. ) alcohol
what causes chronic gastritis
- ) autoimmune disease attacking parietal cells
2. ) Heliobacter Pylori
Heliobacter Pylori
- bacteria that can survive in the stomachs acidic pH
- risk increases with age
- can cause ulcer and cancer
treatment for Heliobacter Pylori
antibiotics
what occurs in gastritis
acute injury to mucosa caused by agents that compromise protective mucous barrier over epithelial cells
Peptic Ulcer Disease
break or ulceration in mucosal lining of lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum
what are the leading causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease
- ) H. Pylori
2. ) Ulcers
what are the complications of peptic ulcers?
- internal bleeding (due to iron deficiency anemia)
- penetration of pancreas leading to inflammation of it
- perforation leading to infection
Dental caries
- cavities
- caused by the breakdown of protective enamel letting bacteria to enter tooth
Gingivitis
- inflammation of the gums
- main cause bacteria
- causes redness, bleeding, and swelling
Leukoplakia
white spots/patches on tongue that are used to detect mouth cancer
Otitis media
middle ear infection
Presbycusis
hearing loss that occurs with age
Aphthous Stomatitis
Canker sores
Oral cavity structure and function
- teeth, tongue, and walls of mouth
- salivary glands
- allows for speech
- digestion, respiratory, and sensory
amylase
enzyme secreted in mouth that breaks down carbs
Nose function and structure
- moisturizes and filters inhaled air
- used for smell
Sinuses structure and function
- hollow cavities within cranial bones
- produce mucus
Larynx structure and function
- major passageway to lungs
- holds vocal cords
Epiglotis
flap folding over larynx during swallowing to prevent aspiration into trachea
ear structure and function
- detects sounds and aids in equilibrium
- vestibular apparatus: balance and knowing where you are in space
- ossicles (middle ear bones)
- Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
- Cochlea
degultition
act of swallowing
phases of deglutition
- ) orophasyngeal (voluntary): push bolus to back of mouth
- ) Esophageal (involuntary): foods going down esophagus
- ) Gastroesophageal (involuntary): food entering stomach from esophagus
Cleft lip and palate
- multifactorial: environment and genetics
- complications: cosmetic, speech, dental, hearing, eating, facial growth
- treatment: surgery
Peridontitis
- inflammation of peridontium which holds teeth in place
- causes a pocket for bacteria to go
- can lead to tooth or bone loss
plaque
- bacteria accumulation
- prevented by flossing and brushing
tarar
- calcified plaque
- cannot be physically removed with flossing and brushing
cold sore
- blister like lesions on face or inside mouth
- contagious
- painful
what causes cold sores
- herpes simplex virus 1
- latent (stays in body, but not always activated)
- reactivation occurs under stress mostly
Canker sores
- painful open sores in mouth
- idiopathic
- heals within 7-10 days
- not contagious
what is the main thing that causes upper respiratory tract infection? and how are they spread?
- viruses
- coughing and sneezing
symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection
- sore throat (pharyngitis)
- nasal discharge (rhinitis)
- headache
- fever
- fatigue
complication of upper respiratory tract infection
- otitis media in children (shorter Eustachian tube)
- pneumonia in elderly
- enlarged tonsils can obstruct breathing
sinusitis
- inflammation of sinuses
- can be become blocked and filled with fluid/mucus
symptoms of sinusitis
- nasal congestion
- headache
- facial pain
- thick and discolored mucus (green or pussy)
- postnasal drip
Acute sinusitis
if it lasts for less than a month and is self limiting
Chronic sinusitis
if it persists or is recurrent
-can be difficult to treat
treatment of chronic sinusitis
- antibiotics/antifungals can’t always clear infection if its a virus
- steroid therapy to reduce inflammation (corticosteroids)
- surgery
Allergic Rhinitis (hay fever)
- allergic response to environmental antigens
- pollen, dander, dust, etc.
- symptoms like common cold: runny nose, scratchy throat, watery eyes
- treatment: antihistamines, decongestons, eye drops, shots
what group is otitis media most common in
infants and children because they have a Eustachian tube
what causes an otitis medua
-fluid accumulation in middle ear provides fertile culture medium for bacteria
sensorineual hearing loss
hearing loss due to damaged cochlea and/or auditory nerve
conductive hearing loss
hearing loss due to damaged ear canal
characteristics of presbycusis
- begins with high frequencies
- symmetrical
- assocaited with tinitus (ringing in ears)
main risk of prebycusis
loud noises
hearing aids
- amplify soundwaves
- avoided by patients because they are uncomfrotable, costly, and fill with ear wax
cochlear implants
- conduct sound through skull bone
- safe and rarely complicated by infection
- only used in serious hearing loss
what is the most common neoplasm of the head and neck
squamous cell carcinoma
what is the main risk factor of squamous cell carcinoma
alcohol and tobacco
symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma
- loss of function
- hoarseness, pain, or difficulty swallowing
- obstruction of nasopharyngeal passages
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- patient repeatdly stops breathing during sleep
- causes CO2 to build up snd cause acidosis
- makes patient tired and can cause heart problems
- collapse of pharyngeal passages when patient is relaxed and supine
Atelectasis
collapse of the lung
Bronchiectasis
dilation of the bronchi
Pneumothorax
presence of air in the pleural cavity leading to collapse of the lungs
Dyspnea
shortness of breath
Apnea
temporary stoppage of breathing
Emphysema
destruction of alveoli causing them to be deflated
Chronic Bronchitis
- inflammation of bronchioles
- cough lasting for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years
- excessive mucus
- frequent respiratory infections
Bronchiscopy
endoscopic technique used to look at the inside of the airways