Female Repro System Exam 4 Flashcards
menorrhagia
heavy menstrual bleeding
metorrhagia
irregular menstrual bleeding
amennorrhea
absence of period for 3 consecutive months
dysmennorhea
painful periods
signs and symptoms of abnormal repro tract
- amennorhea
- metorrhagia
- menorrhagia
- vaginal discharge
infections of repro tract
- STD
- fungus
- vaginitis
- cervictits
- salpingitis
- PID
endometriosis
functioning endometrium outside of the uterus
signs and symptoms of endometriosis
- pain in pelvic area
- infertility
- bleeding
- adhesions of internal organs
complications of endometriosis
-infertility
most common cause of irregular uterine bleeding
- follice fails to mature and no corpus luteum is formed meaning no progesterone is produced
- causes anovolatory
- uterus continues to make estrogen and sheds endometrium irregularly
other causes of irregular bleeding
- ) endometrial or cervical polyps
- ) uterine leiomyomas
- ) uterine carcinoma
uterine leiomyoma
-fibroids (benign tumors of myoma)
risk factors for uterine leiomyoma
- age (30)
- obesity
- family history
- african carribean descent
- not having had children
signs and symptoms of uterine leiomyoma
- bladder region: urinary frequency and dysuria
- rectal region: anal-sphincter spasms
- abdominal fullness
- change in menstraution
- irregular bleeding
- dysmennorhea
- pain
treament of uterine leiomyoma
- no treatment if small
- oral contraceptives
- removal by surgery
causes of amenorrhea
- hypothalamic, pituitary, or endocrine dysfunction
- congenital or acquired abnormalities
- extreme weight loss
consequences of amenorrhea
- no pregnancy
- loss of bone mineral density
treatment for amenorrhea
oral hormones
types of dysmennorhea
- primary
- secondary
primary dysmennorhea
-pelvic organ is normal
secondary dysmennorhea
-pelvic organ disease
etiology of dysmennorhea
prostaglandins cause cramping of the myometrium
what is the most common cancer of the female repro tract
endometrial carcinoma
endometrial carcinoma
cancer of the endometrium
symptoms of endometrial cancer
-abnormal uterine bleeding
risk for endometrial cancer
- age
- obesity
- excess estrogen exposure (hormone replacement therapy)
treatment for endometrial cancer
- hysterectomy
- good prognosis
cervical polyps
benign tumors in cervical canal
characteristics of cervical polyps
- many asymptomatic
- can lead to metrorrhagia
- treatment is removal
cervical dysplasia
- abnormal growth if cervical squamous epithelium
- range from mild to severe
- severe is precancerous
- pap smear screens for it
treatment of cervical dysplasia
- HPV
- multiple sex partners’-certain HLA genotypes
what is the progression of cervical cancer?
- ) cervical dysplasia
- ) cervical carcinoma in situ
- ) invasive cervical carcinoma
risk factors for cervical cancer
HPV
vaginal cancer
rare
types of vaginal cancer
- squamous cell
- adenocarcinoma (cancer of glands)
signs and symptoms of vaginal cancer
- usually asymptomatic
- found in routine gynecological exams
- HPV is a risk factor
cause/contributers to ovarian cyst
- unknown cause
- could be from hypothydrodism or early age of menarche
signs and symptoms of ovarian cyst
- most asymptomatic
- abdominal fullness
- low back pain
- nausea and vomitting
- abnormal uterine bleeding
risk for ovarian cyst
twisting of the fallopian tubes shutting of blood supply
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
cysts in the ovaries
cause of PCOS
- follicles develop but no ovulation occurs after the LH surge
- high LH levels persits
what occurs with PCOS due to high LH
- insulin resistance
- hypothyrodism
- dyslipemia
- male pattern hair growth
- more interference with ovulation
treatment for PCOS
no cure, treatment based on if you want kids
- no kids: oral contraceptives
- kids: fertility medications
ovarian cancer prognosis
- poor prognosis (25% 5 year survival rate)
- age assocaited
what is the leading cause of death among gynecological cancers?
ovarian cancer
symptoms of ovarian cancer
-not many symptoms (pain and abdominal fullness)
risk factors for ovarian cancer
- ) BRCA 1 and 2 genes
- ) Child/pregnancy: reduces risk
- )lactation: reduces risk
- ) oral contraceptives: reduce risk
- ) hormone replacement therapy
Pelvic Inflammatory disease
-infection of the female repro tract that starts with a bacterial STD and isn’t treated
symptoms of PID
- pain in lower abdomen
- fever
- unusual discharge
complication of PID
- scar tissue
- infertility
- ectopic pregnancy
menopause
women no longer gets their period
what occurs with menopause?
- ) decreased ovarian function
- ) low estrogen levels
- ) less inhibition of pituitary which increases FHS and LH and causes hot flashes
risks during menopause
-increased risk for osteoporosis and atheroscelrosis due to low estrogen levels
natural family planning
- avoid intercourse at time of ovulation
- most likely to get pregnant during 9-14 days of menstruation
barrier method
- method that stops semen from entering vagina
- condoms, cervical cap, or diaphgram
- no side effects and effective
oral contraceptives
- stops ovulation
- side effects: increased risk for blood clot and hypertension
intrauterine contracpetive device (IUD)
prevents implantation
emergency contraceptive
- prevents pregnancy following unprotected sex or sexual assault
- interferes with ovulation, tubal transport of ovum, and implantation
female etiology of infertility
- ) hormonal imbalance
- ) structural problem
- ) eating/nutritonal disorder
lifestyle factors of infertility
- ) emotional stress
- ) obesity
- ) malnutrition
- ) alcohol
- ) tobacco or drugs
- ) cancer or cancer treamtnet
- ) age
importance of placenta
- ) secretes estreogen, progesterone, and human chprionic gonadotropin
- ) exchanges gas and waste products from fetus through umbilical cord
spontanous aborptoin
- miscarriage
- up tp 50% of pregnancies
- usually occurs early on
causes for early abortion
- ) chromosomal abnormalities
- ) defective implantation
- ) maldevelopment of fetus
causes for late abortion
- ) detachment of placenta
- ) obstruction of blood supply through cord
- ) complication of DIC
- ) cocaine use
what increases the risk for an obstruction of blood supply through cord?
multiples
ectopic pregnancy
pregnancy that takes place outside of the uterus
etiology of ectopic pregnancy
-adhesions of fallopian tubes
signs and symptoms of ectopic pregnancy
- signs of pregnany
- sharp pelvic pain
- bleeding
predisposing risk factors for an ectopic pregnancy
- previous infection of fallopian tubes
- scarring from STD
consequences of an ectopic pregnancy
- rupturing of fallopian tube
- bleeding from torn vessel
- death
preeclampsia
- elevated blood pressure in mom during pregnancy
- blood pressure of 140/90
- protein in urine
eclampsia
- extreme elevated blood pressure
- blood pressure of 160/110
- protein in urine
- predisposed to seizures
cause of pre/eclampisa
inadequate blood flow to placenta
complications of pre/eclampsia
- lack of blood flow to placenta
- placenta abrupts/detaches
- organ damage
placenta previa
placenta is attached to the lower half of uterus
complications of placenta previa
- vaginal bleeding
- deadly to mom and baby
- c- section
