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Understanding Human Disease > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

disease

A

disrupts homeostasis in human body

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2
Q

diagnosis

A

naming or classifying a disease

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3
Q

idiopathic

A

an unknown cause for a disease

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4
Q

lesion

A

structural change

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5
Q

structural disease

A

a disease that changes the structure

  • lesions occurring in the body
  • physiological, external/internal mechanism, genetic, or developmental
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6
Q

functional disease

A

a disease that changes the function in the body

-physiological cause

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7
Q

etiology

A

cause of disease

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8
Q

symptoms

A

subjective side effect of a disease

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9
Q

sign

A

measurable indicator of disease

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10
Q

iatrogenic disease

A

disease caused by a treatment or medical examination

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11
Q

nosocomial disease

A

disease acquired in a hospital

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12
Q

prognosis

A

predicted outcome of a disease

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13
Q

palliative

A

treatment that is focused on managing symptoms

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14
Q

manifestation

A

how a disease is physically expressed

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15
Q

exogenous

A

a factor outside of the body that causes disease

EX: COVID and flu

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16
Q

endogenous

A

a factor inside of the body that causes disease

EX: heart disease and cancer

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17
Q

what are the predisposing factors

A
  1. ) genetics
  2. ) age
  3. ) gender
  4. ) environment
  5. ) lifestyle
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18
Q

what is the 1st leading cause of death

A

heart disease

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19
Q

what is the 2nd leading cause of death

A

cancer

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20
Q

ten categories of human disease

A
  1. ) vascular
  2. ) neoplastic (cancer)
  3. ) infectious (inflammatory)
  4. ) congenital
  5. ) degenerative
  6. ) allergic (autoimmune)
  7. ) traumatic
  8. ) idiopathic
  9. ) endocrine
  10. ) metabolic
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21
Q

how is a diagnosis made?

A
  • lab and diagnostic tests
  • signs/symptoms
  • predisposing factors
  • family history
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22
Q

obstacles to patient care

A
  1. ) time lag: knowledge of disease and knowledge of treatment don’t always line up
  2. ) access to care (nature of disease/doctors understanding)
  3. ) patient compliance
  4. ) bias
  5. ) facility
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23
Q

steps of patient care

A
  1. ) lab and diagnostic tests
  2. ) interpret the tests
  3. ) diagnose and treat if applicable
  4. ) follow up to make sure no complications
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24
Q

what is the importance of a diagnosis

A
  1. ) improves treatment
  2. ) can predict outcome for patient
  3. ) stops transmission of disease
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25
Q

morbidity

A

measures amount of diseased people in a given time period

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26
Q

mortality

A

measures amount of deaths in a given time period

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27
Q

prevalence

A

the total amount of cases in a given time period

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28
Q

incidence

A

the amount of new cases in a given period

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29
Q

mortality rate

A

the rate at which people die

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30
Q

survival rate

A

the rate of which people survive with a specific disease

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31
Q

disability

A

condition which interferes with normal function

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32
Q

how is morbidity calculated?

A

-#1 is looking at prevalence and incidence

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33
Q

what diseases can hypertension lead to?

A

heart disease and stroke

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34
Q

what diseases can smoking lead to?

A

cancer, stroke, heart disease, and COPD

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35
Q

what diseases can obesity lead to?

A

diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and stroke

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36
Q

aging

A

time-related deterioration of physiological processes

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37
Q

heterogenous

A

aging occurs at different rates for everyone (aging looks different in individuals)

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38
Q

age-dependent disease

A

if you live long enough you will get this disease

EX: cataracts

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39
Q

age-related disease

A

if you live long enough you CAN get this disease, but not guaranteed
EX: alzheimers

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40
Q

what is the life expectancy in the US?

A

77.3 years

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41
Q

life expectancy between different ethnicities

A
  • different ethnicities have different life expectancy

- due to culture, environment, lifestyle, and racial bias

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42
Q

endoscopy

A

non-surgical procedure that allows to look at interior of body

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43
Q

laparoscopy

A

surgical procedure to exam structures within peritoneal cavity

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44
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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45
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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46
Q

biopsy

A

surgical removal of tissue sample

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47
Q

ultrasound

A

uses sound waves to view soft tissue structures

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48
Q

MRI

A

uses movement of hydrogen atoms to generate image

-no radiation

49
Q

CT

A

3D X-ray used to view internal organs

-uses radiation

50
Q

X-ray

A

differing absorption properties of tissue

-uses radiation

51
Q

PET

A

radioactive material injected into patient and scanned to see where material has settled

52
Q

sensitivity

A

a tests ability for a positive result in presence of disease

-has the chance for a false positive

53
Q

specificity

A

a tests ability to detect a negative test in absence of disease
-has ability for false negative

54
Q

preventative medicine

A
  • used to prevent disease, not cure

- lifestyle, vaccinations, and public health improvements

55
Q

what is the purpose of screening tests

A

to detect disease at an early stage

56
Q

what makes a good screening test?

A
  1. ) suitable group (people most at risk)
  2. ) suitable test (accurate and noninvasive)
  3. ) benefit for patient
57
Q

qualitative test

A

provides a negative or positive result

58
Q

quantitative tests

A

provides numerical results

59
Q

how is a normal range determined?

A

healthy people are tested and the mean is found, then you minus or plus two to the standard deviation

60
Q

autopsy

A

postmortem examination of a body

61
Q

what is the purpose of an autopsy

A
  1. ) make a final evaluation of disease

2. ) determine cause of death

62
Q

clinical pathology

A

branch of pathology that performs lab tests on tissue and fluids
EX: pap smear

63
Q

Necrosis

A

unregulated cell death which has the ability to damage nearby cells

64
Q

apoptosis

A

regulated cell death, which does not always indicate injury

65
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in cell size

66
Q

how does hypertrophy occur

A
  • increase in functional demand

- hormonal stimulation

67
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

68
Q

how does atrophy occur

A
  • aging (physiological)
  • decreased blood supply
  • decreased nutrition
  • lack of neural or hormone support
69
Q

metaplasia

A

replacing one cell type with another

-process can be reversible if stressor is removed

70
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

71
Q

how does hyperplasia occur

A
  • hormonal stimulation
  • increased functional demand
  • chronic stress
72
Q

dysplasia

A

change in cell size, shape, or organization that is abnormal
-premalignant

73
Q

Exudate

A

fluid that has a high protein content (swelling)

74
Q

transudate

A

fluid with low protein content and is more watery

75
Q

cellulitis

A

deep skin infection (dermis)

-type of lesion

76
Q

ulcer

A

disruption of normal lining

77
Q

abcess

A

collection of pus

78
Q

types of cell injury

A
  1. ) hypoxia
  2. ) physical, thermal, or chemical
  3. ) microorganism
  4. ) inflammation/immune reaction
  5. ) nutritional imbalance
  6. ) genetic defects
  7. ) trauma
  8. ) aging
79
Q

what is the most common type of cell injury?

A

hypoxia

80
Q

pathological cell change

A

unhealthy change that occurs in order to adapt in new structure
EX: high blood pressure causes a larger heart

81
Q

physiological cell change

A

healthy change in body to adapt

EX: runner will have a larger heart

82
Q

how can hypoxia lead to cell death

A
  1. ) hypoxia causes less oxygen
  2. ) less oxygen = no ATP
  3. ) no ATP = failure of sodium potassium pump
  4. ) no pump causes sodium to enter cell, instead of leave
  5. ) water follows sodium in and cell swells
83
Q

how do cells adapt to injury?

A
  1. ) atrophy
  2. ) hypertrophy
  3. ) hyperplasia
  4. ) metaplasia
  5. ) dysplasia
84
Q

steps in acute inflammation

A
  1. ) vascular phase

2. ) cellular phase

85
Q

what occurs in the vascular phase of inflammation?

A
  • vasodilation to increase blood flow to injury site and become leaky
  • edema (swelling) occurs due to leakiness
86
Q

how does vasodilation occur?

A

mast cells are stimulated to release histamine and histamine triggers vasodilation

87
Q

what occurs in the cellular phase of acute inflammation?

A
  1. ) margination: neutrophils line up on endothelium near site of injury
  2. ) emigration/diapedesis: neutrophils crawl out in between endothelial cells
  3. ) chemotaxis: bacteria puts out chemical that tells neutrophils where to go
  4. ) phagocytosis via enzymes of lysosomes
88
Q

what is the main mediator of inflammation

A

cytokines

89
Q

cytokines

A

chemical mediators the immune system uses to communicate with each other

90
Q

acute vs chronic inflammation

A 
CHRONIC:
-low grade
-lymphocytes and macrophages
-fibrosis (scar tissue)
-edema/hyperemia less 
ACUTE:
-neutrophils 
-edema
91
Q

serous exudate

A

fluid with proteins

92
Q

fibrinous exudate

A

fluid with extra coagulation

93
Q

purulent exudate

A

fluid with pus

94
Q

regeneration repair

A
  • injury repair that is nearly completely restoration

- dividing cells

95
Q

Fibrous Connective Tissue Repair (scarring)

A
  • injury repair that doesn’t restore original function

- non dividing cells

96
Q

stages of regeneration repair

A
  1. ) inflammation: has already occurred
    - bacteria neutralized and clears out dead cells
  2. ) proliferative: epithelization occurs by regenerating basal cells
    - cells divide to replace lost/dead cells
97
Q

stages in Fibrous Connective repair

A
  1. ) inflammation
  2. ) proliferative: divison
    - granulation: creates a loose, red scab
    - Goal is to just fill up space until correct cells come in
    - new capillaries increase blood flow
    - fibroblasts are needed to make collagen and connective tissue
    - epithelization
  3. ) remodeling: new blood vessels are taken away and division stops
    - maturation and reorganzation
    - collagen is reorganized
    - takes years
98
Q

continuation of inflammation affecting repair

A

this can occur when bacteria stays at the injury site because the immune system can’t clear it and causes repair to take longer

99
Q

advancing age affecting repair

A

as we age fibroblasts don’t work as well and epithelial cells don’t divide as well so skin gets thinner, causing repair to take longer

100
Q

poor nutrition affecting repair

A

lack of nutrients causes repair to take longer

  • protein
  • vitamin C: collagen strength
  • Vitamin A: epithelization
101
Q

diabetes affecting repair

A

diabetics have weaker immune system’s and poorer blood supply causing repair to occur slower

102
Q

steroid therapy affecting repair

A

corticosteroids inhibit inflammation which causes repair to occur longer

103
Q

neoplasm

A

uncontrolled growth of cells

104
Q

tumor

A

a non-specific term meaning lump or swelling

105
Q

benign

A

mass of cells that remain in confined site of origin (won’t invade nearby tissues)

106
Q

Malignant

A

capable of metastasis

107
Q

metastasis

A

discontinuous spread of malignant neoplasm via blood stream or lymphatics

108
Q

cancer

A

any malignant neoplasm/tumor

109
Q

characteristics of benign neoplasm/tumor

A
  • slow growth
  • expansion
  • remains localized
  • well differentiated cells
110
Q

characteristics of malignant neoplasm/tumor

A
  • fast growing
  • infiltration (invades)
  • metastasis
  • poorly differentiated cells
111
Q

carcinoma

A

malignancy of epithelial cells

112
Q

sarcoma

A

malignancy of connective tissue

113
Q

Melanoma

A

cancer of melanocytes

114
Q

lymphoma

A

malignancy of lymphoid tissue (T or B cells)

115
Q

what is the most deadliest cancer in male and females?

A

lung cancer

116
Q

what is the most common cancer in females?

A

breast cancer

117
Q

what is the most common cancer in males?

A

prostate cancer

118
Q

why are carcinomas the most common type of cancers?

A

epithelial cells divide so frequently that every time a division occurs there is a chance of a mutation

Understanding Human Disease (13 decks)

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