Exam 1 Flashcards
disease
disrupts homeostasis in human body
diagnosis
naming or classifying a disease
idiopathic
an unknown cause for a disease
lesion
structural change
structural disease
a disease that changes the structure
- lesions occurring in the body
- physiological, external/internal mechanism, genetic, or developmental
functional disease
a disease that changes the function in the body
-physiological cause
etiology
cause of disease
symptoms
subjective side effect of a disease
sign
measurable indicator of disease
iatrogenic disease
disease caused by a treatment or medical examination
nosocomial disease
disease acquired in a hospital
prognosis
predicted outcome of a disease
palliative
treatment that is focused on managing symptoms
manifestation
how a disease is physically expressed
exogenous
a factor outside of the body that causes disease
EX: COVID and flu
endogenous
a factor inside of the body that causes disease
EX: heart disease and cancer
what are the predisposing factors
- ) genetics
- ) age
- ) gender
- ) environment
- ) lifestyle
what is the 1st leading cause of death
heart disease
what is the 2nd leading cause of death
cancer
ten categories of human disease
- ) vascular
- ) neoplastic (cancer)
- ) infectious (inflammatory)
- ) congenital
- ) degenerative
- ) allergic (autoimmune)
- ) traumatic
- ) idiopathic
- ) endocrine
- ) metabolic
how is a diagnosis made?
- lab and diagnostic tests
- signs/symptoms
- predisposing factors
- family history
obstacles to patient care
- ) time lag: knowledge of disease and knowledge of treatment don’t always line up
- ) access to care (nature of disease/doctors understanding)
- ) patient compliance
- ) bias
- ) facility
steps of patient care
- ) lab and diagnostic tests
- ) interpret the tests
- ) diagnose and treat if applicable
- ) follow up to make sure no complications
what is the importance of a diagnosis
- ) improves treatment
- ) can predict outcome for patient
- ) stops transmission of disease
morbidity
measures amount of diseased people in a given time period
mortality
measures amount of deaths in a given time period
prevalence
the total amount of cases in a given time period
incidence
the amount of new cases in a given period
mortality rate
the rate at which people die
survival rate
the rate of which people survive with a specific disease
disability
condition which interferes with normal function
how is morbidity calculated?
-#1 is looking at prevalence and incidence
what diseases can hypertension lead to?
heart disease and stroke
what diseases can smoking lead to?
cancer, stroke, heart disease, and COPD
what diseases can obesity lead to?
diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and stroke
aging
time-related deterioration of physiological processes
heterogenous
aging occurs at different rates for everyone (aging looks different in individuals)
age-dependent disease
if you live long enough you will get this disease
EX: cataracts
age-related disease
if you live long enough you CAN get this disease, but not guaranteed
EX: alzheimers
what is the life expectancy in the US?
77.3 years
life expectancy between different ethnicities
- different ethnicities have different life expectancy
- due to culture, environment, lifestyle, and racial bias
endoscopy
non-surgical procedure that allows to look at interior of body
laparoscopy
surgical procedure to exam structures within peritoneal cavity
cytology
study of cells
histology
study of tissues
biopsy
surgical removal of tissue sample
ultrasound
uses sound waves to view soft tissue structures
MRI
uses movement of hydrogen atoms to generate image
-no radiation
CT
3D X-ray used to view internal organs
-uses radiation
X-ray
differing absorption properties of tissue
-uses radiation
PET
radioactive material injected into patient and scanned to see where material has settled
sensitivity
a tests ability for a positive result in presence of disease
-has the chance for a false positive
specificity
a tests ability to detect a negative test in absence of disease
-has ability for false negative
preventative medicine
- used to prevent disease, not cure
- lifestyle, vaccinations, and public health improvements
what is the purpose of screening tests
to detect disease at an early stage
what makes a good screening test?
- ) suitable group (people most at risk)
- ) suitable test (accurate and noninvasive)
- ) benefit for patient
qualitative test
provides a negative or positive result
quantitative tests
provides numerical results
how is a normal range determined?
healthy people are tested and the mean is found, then you minus or plus two to the standard deviation
autopsy
postmortem examination of a body
what is the purpose of an autopsy
- ) make a final evaluation of disease
2. ) determine cause of death
clinical pathology
branch of pathology that performs lab tests on tissue and fluids
EX: pap smear
Necrosis
unregulated cell death which has the ability to damage nearby cells
apoptosis
regulated cell death, which does not always indicate injury
hypertrophy
an increase in cell size
how does hypertrophy occur
- increase in functional demand
- hormonal stimulation
atrophy
decrease in cell size
how does atrophy occur
- aging (physiological)
- decreased blood supply
- decreased nutrition
- lack of neural or hormone support
metaplasia
replacing one cell type with another
-process can be reversible if stressor is removed
hyperplasia
increase in number of cells
how does hyperplasia occur
- hormonal stimulation
- increased functional demand
- chronic stress
dysplasia
change in cell size, shape, or organization that is abnormal
-premalignant
Exudate
fluid that has a high protein content (swelling)
transudate
fluid with low protein content and is more watery
cellulitis
deep skin infection (dermis)
-type of lesion
ulcer
disruption of normal lining
abcess
collection of pus
types of cell injury
- ) hypoxia
- ) physical, thermal, or chemical
- ) microorganism
- ) inflammation/immune reaction
- ) nutritional imbalance
- ) genetic defects
- ) trauma
- ) aging
what is the most common type of cell injury?
hypoxia
pathological cell change
unhealthy change that occurs in order to adapt in new structure
EX: high blood pressure causes a larger heart
physiological cell change
healthy change in body to adapt
EX: runner will have a larger heart
how can hypoxia lead to cell death
- ) hypoxia causes less oxygen
- ) less oxygen = no ATP
- ) no ATP = failure of sodium potassium pump
- ) no pump causes sodium to enter cell, instead of leave
- ) water follows sodium in and cell swells
how do cells adapt to injury?
- ) atrophy
- ) hypertrophy
- ) hyperplasia
- ) metaplasia
- ) dysplasia
steps in acute inflammation
- ) vascular phase
2. ) cellular phase
what occurs in the vascular phase of inflammation?
- vasodilation to increase blood flow to injury site and become leaky
- edema (swelling) occurs due to leakiness
how does vasodilation occur?
mast cells are stimulated to release histamine and histamine triggers vasodilation
what occurs in the cellular phase of acute inflammation?
- ) margination: neutrophils line up on endothelium near site of injury
- ) emigration/diapedesis: neutrophils crawl out in between endothelial cells
- ) chemotaxis: bacteria puts out chemical that tells neutrophils where to go
- ) phagocytosis via enzymes of lysosomes
what is the main mediator of inflammation
cytokines
cytokines
chemical mediators the immune system uses to communicate with each other
acute vs chronic inflammation
CHRONIC: -low grade -lymphocytes and macrophages -fibrosis (scar tissue) -edema/hyperemia less ACUTE: -neutrophils -edema
serous exudate
fluid with proteins
fibrinous exudate
fluid with extra coagulation
purulent exudate
fluid with pus
regeneration repair
- injury repair that is nearly completely restoration
- dividing cells
Fibrous Connective Tissue Repair (scarring)
- injury repair that doesn’t restore original function
- non dividing cells
stages of regeneration repair
- ) inflammation: has already occurred
- bacteria neutralized and clears out dead cells - ) proliferative: epithelization occurs by regenerating basal cells
- cells divide to replace lost/dead cells
stages in Fibrous Connective repair
- ) inflammation
- ) proliferative: divison
- granulation: creates a loose, red scab
- Goal is to just fill up space until correct cells come in
- new capillaries increase blood flow
- fibroblasts are needed to make collagen and connective tissue
- epithelization - ) remodeling: new blood vessels are taken away and division stops
- maturation and reorganzation
- collagen is reorganized
- takes years
continuation of inflammation affecting repair
this can occur when bacteria stays at the injury site because the immune system can’t clear it and causes repair to take longer
advancing age affecting repair
as we age fibroblasts don’t work as well and epithelial cells don’t divide as well so skin gets thinner, causing repair to take longer
poor nutrition affecting repair
lack of nutrients causes repair to take longer
- protein
- vitamin C: collagen strength
- Vitamin A: epithelization
diabetes affecting repair
diabetics have weaker immune system’s and poorer blood supply causing repair to occur slower
steroid therapy affecting repair
corticosteroids inhibit inflammation which causes repair to occur longer
neoplasm
uncontrolled growth of cells
tumor
a non-specific term meaning lump or swelling
benign
mass of cells that remain in confined site of origin (won’t invade nearby tissues)
Malignant
capable of metastasis
metastasis
discontinuous spread of malignant neoplasm via blood stream or lymphatics
cancer
any malignant neoplasm/tumor
characteristics of benign neoplasm/tumor
- slow growth
- expansion
- remains localized
- well differentiated cells
characteristics of malignant neoplasm/tumor
- fast growing
- infiltration (invades)
- metastasis
- poorly differentiated cells
carcinoma
malignancy of epithelial cells
sarcoma
malignancy of connective tissue
Melanoma
cancer of melanocytes
lymphoma
malignancy of lymphoid tissue (T or B cells)
what is the most deadliest cancer in male and females?
lung cancer
what is the most common cancer in females?
breast cancer
what is the most common cancer in males?
prostate cancer
why are carcinomas the most common type of cancers?
epithelial cells divide so frequently that every time a division occurs there is a chance of a mutation
