Male Repro System Exam 4 Flashcards
hydrocele
excess fluid accumulation in the scrotum
variocele
varicose veins in spermatid cord in scrotum
crytorchidism
testes don’t descend normally
inguinal hernia
hernia in the inguinal area
urinary complaints
- frequency, urgency, continence, dysuria, and nocturia
- pain
- swelling
- sexual disorder concern
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
enlargement of prostate
prostatitis
- inflammation of the prostate
- acute or chronic
prostatic carcinoma
cancer of the prostate
what causes acute prostatitis
spread of infection from bladder or urethra to prostate
what causes chronic prostaitis
- mild inflammation
- common
- few symptoms
signs and symptoms of prostatitis
- fever or chills
- urethral discharge
- dysuria
- malaise
- tender/enlarged prostate
treatment for prostatitis
antibiotics and pain meds
symptoms of BPH
- obstructs flow of urine (prostate squeezes urethra)
- urinary hesitancy
- frequent urination
- nocturia
how is BPH diagnosed
digital rectal exam
what causes BPH
- Dihydrostestosterone
- testosteroine is converted to DHT by 5-alpha reductase
what is the treatment for BPH
reductase inhibitors or surgery
characteristics of prostate cancer
- age associated
- most common cause of death from cancer in men over 75
symptoms fo prostate cancer
- asymptomatic until it spreads
- weight loss
- back pain
- symptoms similar to BPH
risk factors for prostate cancer
- dietary factors (high fat intake)
- hormones
- chronic inflammation
- family factors
- ethniticty (black more common and white
diagnosis of prostate cancer
- digital rectal exam
- biopsy
- CT or ultrasound
- PSA for monitoring treatment
outcome of prostate cancer
- variable
- aggressive or non aggressive
- some die “with” prostate cancer but really die of another cause
- cure rates are low
tumors of testes
- rare
- most common in men 25-45
- majority of tumors occur in germ cells
what is the strongest risk factor for a tumor in the testes?
cryptorchidism
signs and symptoms of tumor in testes
- lump
- pain in scrotum or lower testes
what occurs with cryptorchidism
-bad sperm production because testes remain in the abdominal region where it is hot
treatment for cryptoorchidism
- time for testes to descend
- if don’t descend then surgery
complication of cryptorchidism
- testicular cancer
- fertility issues
- testicular torision
- inguinal hernia
testicular torsion
-twisting of spermatic cord due to rotation of testes
why is a testicular torsion a medical emergency?
-it cuts off blood flow and testes can die within 6-12 hours
what age group is a testicular torsion most common in
boys ages 12-16 because they are more active
symptoms of a testicular torision
- acute onset of pain
- swelling of involved teste
orchitis
inflammation of testes
etiology of orchitis
- infection
- either mumps or STIs
signs and symptoms of orchitis
- testicular pain
- edema
- fever/malaise
- urethral discharge
diagnosis of orchitis
- history of mumps
- signs/symptoms
- culture urethral discharge
- ultrasound
treatment of orchitis
- antibiotics
- analgesis
- cold compress
- scrotal support
what age group is most affected by hydrocele
babies and kids
treatment for hydrocele
aspiration (take fluid out)
etiology of varicocele
blood accumulates and makes veins twisted
consequences of varicocele
- usually affects left side
- causes infertility
Erectile Dysfunction
difficulty developing or maintaining a full erection in intercourse
causes of ED
- stress, emotional factors, chronic disease
- penile disease/trauma
- low testosterone level
treament for ED
phosphodiesterase inhibitors
neural control of penile erection
- ) parasympathic nerves release acetylcholine and nitric oxide (NO)
- ) NO produces vasodilation
- ) cGamp in inactivated by PDE-5 mediated cpncerion to GMP
infertility
difficulty getting pregnant for 1 year when trying
factors that may cause infertility in men
- ) sperm deficiences in number of quaility
- ) congenital abnormalities
- ) endocrine imbalance
- ) surgical intervention (testicular cancer or vasectomy)
- ) infection or chronic inflammation
function of leydig cells in testes
make testosterine
function of sertoli cells in testes
help support sperm cells
function of germ cells in testes
produce sperm cells
Prostate Specific Antigen
- blood test
- not specific
- shouldn’t be used for diagnosis, but can be used to maintain treatment
why shouldn’t PSA be used to diagnosis BPH or cancer?
PSA can be high in both BPH and cancer
what are 3 most common STD’s in men?
- ) Gonnorhea
- ) chlamydia
- ) syphilis
what two chronic disease might cause ED?
renal failure and diabetes mallitus
