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kine 318: athletic injuries > Quiz 2 Continued > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Continued Flashcards

1
Q

4 Types of Muscle Contractions

A
  1. Isometric
  2. Isotonic
  3. Isokinetic
    4.Plyometric
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2
Q

forcefully contracting a muscle in a static position

no change in the length of muscle or the joint angle

A

Isometrics

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3
Q

+ of Isometrics (2)

A

Safe
Cheap

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4
Q
  • of Isometrics (3)
A
  1. Can’t quantify
  2. Limited to specific angle
  3. Hard to motivate
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5
Q

moving a resistive force through a full range of motion

ex. free weights not machines

A

Isotonics

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6
Q

2 types of Isotonics

A

Concentric
Eccentric

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7
Q

Shortening of muscle

A

Concentric Isotonics

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8
Q

lengthening of muscle

A

Eccentric Isotonics

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9
Q

+ of Isotonics (4)

A
  1. complete ROM
  2. Develop optimal strength
  3. Develop skill & coordination
  4. Able to quantify
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10
Q

a dynamic resistive exercise that incorporates a full range of motion with the maximal force at all points in the range of motion.

speed is controlled
have a constant and consistent force which adjusts during the range of motion
uses all or more of muscle fibers
more often used in rehab

A

Isokinetics

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11
Q

must overcome inertia
different weight throughout because of momentum and gravity
slow and controlled movement that is not specific
cost
not always safe
can cheat the machine

A
  • of isokinetics
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12
Q

max resistance through a full ROM
train at various speeds with specific effects due to the contraction speed **
agonist/antagonist training in series
less risk for overload
minimal muscle soreness
very safe
eccentrics

A

+ of isokinetics

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13
Q

maximizes the myotatic or stretch reflex

A

Plyometrics

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14
Q

developed from exercises used in 1960’s
designed to develop power characterized as “explosive”
concentrates on large amount of force in a very short period of time

A

Plyometrics

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15
Q

3 phases of plyometrics

A
  1. Vigorous stretch
  2. Transition Period
  3. Final Reaction & motion
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16
Q

Spring Loading - Eccentric contraction
ex. 1 ft box & when you land

A

vigorous stretch

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17
Q

as short as possible
ex. waiting before the jump

A

transition period of plyometrics

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18
Q

Concentric contraction
Explosiveness

A

Final reaction & Motion of Plyometrics

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19
Q

distal segment is fixed
multiarticular closed chain is created

A

Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises

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20
Q

distal segment is allowed to move freely through space

one joint will be worked at a time

A

Open Kinetic chain Exercises

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21
Q

foot or ankle is fixed
multiple joints simultaneously
ex. squat: ankle, knees, hips bending

preferred type of activity

A

example of closed kinetic chain exercises

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22
Q

Knee extension machines in the rec
Does not recommend

A

open kinetic chain exercises example

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23
Q

due to overexertion

specific indicators include
- acute muscle soreness
- muscle stiffness
- delayed muscle soreness
- muscle cramping

A

Muscle soreness

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24
Q

2 Types of Muscle Soreness

A
  1. Acute Onset
  2. Delayed Onset (DOMS)
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25
Q

pain felt during and immediately after exercise

Caused by:
-accumulation of lactic acid
-tissue edema (pumped up feeling)

Disappears within a few minutes to several hours after the exercise

A

Acute-onset Muscle Soreness

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26
Q

muscle soreness felt a day or two after a heavy bout of exercise

occurs within first 24 to 48 hours following exercise

peak intensity of discomfort somewhere between 24 to 72 hours until it has completely disappeared within 7 to 10 days

A

Delayed-onset Muscle Soreness

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27
Q

T/F : DOMS is not totally understood

A

True

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28
Q

2 Theories of DOMS’cause

A
  1. structural damage in the muscle membranes
  2. inflammatory reactions in the muscle
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29
Q

Primary indicator of DOMS

A

Eccentric action

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30
Q

T/F : Muscle Soreness only affects skeletal muscle

A

True

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31
Q

T/F: muscle soreness Does not result in any long term damage

A

True

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32
Q

T/F: muscle soreness is unavoidable

A

True

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33
Q

T/F: muscle soreness is self limiting to a few days

A

True

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34
Q

T/F: muscle soreness offers protection against redevelopment for at least 6 weeks
(may be due to adaptive process of healing)

A

True

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35
Q

reducing the eccentric component of muscle action during early training

starting training at a low intensity and gradually increasing it

A

Prevention of muscle soreness

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36
Q

4 reasons for Nutrition

A
  1. performance
  2. body composition
  3. healthy/injury
  4. competitive advantage
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37
Q

5 superior fuel benefits from nutrition

A
  1. more energy to train
  2. better practice = better performance
  3. enhanced energy during final minutes
  4. outwork the competition
  5. career longevity
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38
Q

5 roles of Nutrition

A

Hydration

Optimal nutrition via recovery, team meal & traveling

Educational functions
- AGGIE FIT labeling/offseason program

Supplement expertise

NCAA compliance

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39
Q

Sweat =

A

weight loss

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40
Q

Weight loss is a loss in

A

body fluid that regulates body tempt & lubricates tissue

electrolytes, Na, K, Cl, & Mg

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41
Q

Drink what size of amount of fluid every 20-30 minutes during activity at minimum ?

A

fist

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42
Q

Each pound of wt loss requires _ to __ oz of fluid for rehydration

A

16 to 20 oz

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43
Q

Consistent crampers- typically most fit,
most athletic players at their position

Sweat early and heavily

Sweat tastes salty

Visible grains of salt around face
Push sports drink, minimize water
(hyponatremia)

A

salty sweater

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43
Q

you need to minimize water intake

A

hyponatremia

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44
Q

What snacks would you encourage a salty sweater to eat?

A

salty snacks
- pretzels, popcorn, crackers, soups, cheese, peanut butter

  • add 1/4 to 1/2 tsp salt to sports beverage
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45
Q

Global knowledge, research oriented, details, family history and lifecycle concerns, “how does this apply to me?”

what sex learner is this?

A

female

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46
Q

Typically, lower level of interest… PERFORMANCE, PERFORMANCE, PERFORMANCE…and vanity, professional team applications, visual learners, constant reinforcement, vulnerable to marketing/supplement claims, “don’t lecture me!”

what sex learner is this

A

male

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47
Q

T/F Both sexes have

Vulnerability with weight issues

Emotional eating

A

True

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48
Q

males have an ED tendency for

A

binge eat/drink

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49
Q

females have an ED tendency for

A

restrict (anorexia/bulimia)

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50
Q

Team meeting, cooking demo and shopping tour
Body Comp testing and 2-3 individual meetings
Results!
Team body fat: -4.3%
Team lean mass: +60.4#
Staff response:
Comprehensive plan
Impact on travel, operations

A

Women’s teams

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51
Q

Most male athletes are what type of learners

A

visual

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52
Q

3 types of nutrients

A
  1. Carbohydrate
  2. Protein
  3. Fat
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53
Q

Starch, like pasta, potatoes, rice, bread, cereal, pretzels, corn
Sugar, like juice, fruit and sweet drinks
Sweets, like cakes, cookies, pies, etc

A

Carbohydrates

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54
Q

Milk, eggs, meat, skinless chicken, fish, yogurt, beans, low fat cheese

A

Protein

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55
Q

Nuts, olives, avocado, and fish like salmon and tuna
Fried foods, salad dressings, whole milk

A

Fat

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56
Q

Nuts, olives, avocado, and fish like salmon and tuna

A

Good fat

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57
Q

Fried foods, salad dressings, whole milk

A

Bad fat

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58
Q

Please do not confuse your dietary needs with that of an athlete.

Match carb intake to your activity.

A

carbohydrates are fuel

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59
Q

Without enough carbohydrates, ___ is burned as fuel.

A

protein

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60
Q

Consumed within one hour of workout, carbs increase _____ by replenishing muscle _____.

A

endurance ; glycogen

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61
Q

Include _____ in every meal or snack.
Milk (skim, 1%, 2%)
Eggs
Skinless chicken or turkey
Fish
Meat
Cheese and yogurt
Beans
Nuts and nut butters

A

Proteins

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62
Q

Calories/protein/fat
Chicken wings (#6) 480/24/66
Chicken breast 220/28/1
Rib eye (6 oz) 450/42/30

Whole milk 150/7/8
Skim milk 90/7/1

A

Lean Protein

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63
Q

healthy fats enhance ____ & provide long term ____

A

immunity ; energy

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64
Q

TIMING ***
FOOD CHOICES
PHYSICAL DEMANDS
BODY COMPOSITION GOALS

A
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65
Q

Carbohydrate Digestion time

A

8 minutes to 2 hrs

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66
Q

Protein digestion time

A

4-6 hrs

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67
Q

Fat digestion time

A

6-8 hrs

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68
Q

Digestion requires

A

blood flow

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69
Q

Aggie Fit labeling:
Nutrition Rx: Be there, without being there!
Avoid walking student athletes through the line
Promote healthy, customized choices and empower the student athlete

Meal planning to “periodize” meals
Encourage foods without creating an inflexible environment
For example…
Football, once a week competition
Basketball, multiple competitions in one week

A

The Educational Training Table

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70
Q

Summer workouts + Supplements + Dieting for weight loss =

A

Trouble

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71
Q

Functional Foods

A

antioxidant & anti-inflammatory

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72
Q

Berries
Cherry, pomegranate, blueberry, cranberry juices
- Green and white teas
- No extracts due to NCAA guidelines
Watermelon, tomato, marinara (lycopene)
Olives, olive and canola oils, avocado
Tuna, salmon, etc
Nuts, nut butters, seeds (especially walnuts & almonds)

A

antioxidants & anti-inflammatory foods

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73
Q

what juice is heavily used at a&m

A

cherry juice - concern w/ the FDA about what’s in them

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74
Q

Eat a rainbow everyday
Eat whole foods/Eat from the earth
For proteins: the fewer legs, the better!
Negotiate a way to make favorites fit

Most of us know intuitively what is good for us to eat…
Make the environment conducive to success
Demonstrate that food is a priority over supplements
Athletes at all levels need coaching!
Coaches at all levels need professionals

A

Final Thought on Food

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75
Q

Nutritionist is “one who eats”
Anyone around an athlete may influence…
Athletes on a big stage are vulnerable
Supplement companies are great marketers
Eating disorders spread like a virus
All staff members need nutrition training! It takes time, effort and persistence to win coaches over.
Americans have lost the concept of “healthy weight.”

A

Challenges

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76
Q

8 Pieces of Information Gained by history

A
  1. Primary complaint
  2. Mechanism of injury (MOI)
  3. Area & nature of pain
  4. Functional Abilities
  5. Symptoms associated w/ injury
  6. Level of Consciousness
  7. Previous History
  8. Pre-existing medical conditions or medications
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77
Q

Where is the pain
What type is it
Understanding their 10 & your 10 are different

A

Area & nature of Pain

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78
Q

Overuse situation: looking at somebody who has a shoulder problem
- can you reach the gallon of milk from the refrigerator

A

Functional Abilities

79
Q

Have you ever hurt the left shoulder?

A

Previous history

80
Q

High BP
Diabetic
Allergic to certain medications

A

Pre-existing medical conditions or medications

81
Q

8 observations in assessment

A
  1. Survey the entire scene
  2. Look for obvious signs
  3. Note general body alignment
  4. Observe Functional Abilities
  5. Inspect the injured area
  6. Be alert for signs of trauma
  7. Watch the athletes face & eyes
  8. Compare contralateral areas
82
Q

Bright red blood squirting out

A

look for obvious signs

83
Q

Walking

A

noting general body alignment

84
Q

Do all of these steps happen at the same time ?

A

Yes

85
Q

8 Pieces of Information gained by observation

A
  1. Expressions denoting pain
  2. Obvious deformity
  3. Bleeding
  4. Swelling
  5. Skin appearance
  6. Discoloration
  7. Symmetry
  8. Signs of trauma
86
Q

Total and complete shutdown of body’s cooling mechanism

A

Heat Stoke

87
Q

Body Temperature is hot
Hot, dry, flushed skin (no sweating)
Possibly unconscious

A

signs & symptoms of heat stroke

88
Q

2 Types of Heat Stroke

A
  1. Classic
  2. Exertional
89
Q

The body starts having internal damage when it reaches ___ degrees Fahrenheit.

A

105.5

90
Q

T/F:
Both classic & exertional have hot body temperature

A

True

91
Q

At what degrees do you have to be on the look out for problem?

A

103 degrees

92
Q

____ stroke takes days to develop
No sweating

A

Classic Heat Stroke

93
Q

___ stroke has a rapid onset
Some sweating
seen in athletes

A

Exertional Heat Stroke

94
Q

Difference between classical vs. exertional heat stroke

A

sweating

95
Q

Age group usually affected in Classic Heat stroke

A

older ppl

96
Q

Age group usually affected in exertional heat stroke

A

15-45 yr olds

97
Q

Claims many people at the same itme during heat waves

A

Classic Heat Stroke

98
Q

Claims many ppl at the same time during athletic competition

A

exertional heat stroke

99
Q

chronically ill health status

A

classic heat stroke

100
Q

Healthy & physically fit health status

A

exertional heat stroke

101
Q

sedentary activity at the time of the incident

A

classical heat stroke

102
Q

strenuous exercise activity at time of incident

A

exertional heat stroke

103
Q

common medication use

A

classic heat stroke

104
Q

usually no medication use

A

exertional heat stroke

105
Q

absent sweating

A

classical heat stroke

106
Q

often present (50% of ppl) sweating

A

exertional heat stroke

107
Q

3 Treatment actions of Heat Stroke

A
  1. Immediate cooling of the whole body
  2. Removal of clothing
  3. Transport
108
Q

Cold water immersion: put person into ice water
when 101 or 102 take them to hospital

A

immediate cooling of the whole body

109
Q

Removing pads/helmets

A

removal of clothing

110
Q

ppl need to be at hospital once 101 or 102 degrees
long-term treatment; several days

A

Transport

111
Q

Heat stroke institute dedicated to

A

Cory stringer

112
Q

8 ways to prevent heat problems

A
  1. Fluid intake
  2. Wear appropriate clothing
  3. Proper diet to maintain electrolytes & reduction of fat
  4. Proper physical conditioning
  5. monitor environmental conditions
  6. Acclimzation
  7. Avoid 10-2 time frame
  8. Be aware of surfaces
113
Q

fluids are replaced at a rate of one pint for every lost pound (need to weigh before and after practice)
- Need to gain weight back bc if not = ur still dehydrated

water should be given before, during, and after practice (during should give 8 oz. for every 1/2 hour)
- water should be given freely 80z for every 30 minutes

A

Fluid intake
(since evaporation of sweat in primary way to dissipate heat)

114
Q

light colored shorts and t-shirts, loose fitting, wide brim hat

A

wearing appropriate clothing to prevent heat problems

115
Q

(look for high or low humidity)

Heat index:
Air temperature and dew point;
Air temperature and humidity

A

Monitor environmental conditions

116
Q

Is the heat index exact?

A

no ; just guidelines

117
Q

Heat index is measured by a

A

sling psychrometer

118
Q

How many days are needed to acclimatize

A

4 - 10 days of exposure

119
Q

tennis courts, astroturf-can increase 10+ degrees

A

example of surfaces that can lead to heat problems

120
Q

Flash to Bang Theory

A

for every 5 seconds after seeing lightning until hearing thunder = 1 mile

121
Q

Activate lightning safety evacuation plan at the count of

A

30 which is 6 miles

122
Q

SEC changed their policy in the Spring of

A

2014 : 40 second count

123
Q

Allow ___ minutes from the last nearby lightning strike before returning to activity.

A

30 minutes

124
Q

Decreased body temperature

A

Hypothermia

125
Q

rectal temperature >90°F

A

Mild Hypothermia

126
Q

rectal temperature <90°F

A

Severe Hypothermia

127
Q

Still shivering
May appear clumsy
Apathetic/confused
Slurred speech
Stumbles
Drops things

appears to be drunk

A

Mild Hypothermia

128
Q

Shivering decreases/stops
Jerky erratic movements
Individual unaware of surroundings

A

Severe Hypothermia

129
Q

Is shivering good or bad ?

A

good - generating heat

130
Q

Gradual rewarming
Transport

A

Mild Hypothermia Treatment

131
Q

Transport
Do not attempt rewarming

A

Severe Hypothermia Treatment

132
Q

1st degree frostbite aka

A

superficial

133
Q

involves the skin and underlying tissues:

Skin is soft to touch
Skin is initially red, then white, and is usually painless

A

1st degree Frostbite

134
Q

really cold but not frozen

A

1st degree frostbite

135
Q

top part of the ice is frozen but you can break under the liquid

A

2nd degree

136
Q

completely frozen

A

3rd degree

137
Q

damage extends into the subcutaneous tissues

Skin is firm to touch but tissue beneath is soft
Skin is red and swollen
Diffuse numbness preceded by itchy or prickly sensation
White or waxy skin color may appear later

A

second degree frostbite

138
Q

3rd degree aka

A

deep frostbite

139
Q

involves the tissues deep to the subcutaneous layers and may result in complete destruction of the injured tissue
Skin is hard to touch
Totally numb
Blotchy white to yellow-gray or blue-gray

A

3rd degree

140
Q

remove from cold
careful, rapid warming of the area

A

Management of superficial frostbite

141
Q

Transport
No active rewarming

A

Management of deep frostbite

142
Q

cynotic: bluish tint in nail bed

A

skin appearance

143
Q

bruising common thing

A

discoloration

144
Q

looking from side to side & comparing the 2 in the extremities

A

symmetry

145
Q

bad to worse all of a sudden

A

signs of trauma

146
Q

Palpitation assessment (8)

A
  1. Understand underlying anatomy
  2. Compare contralateral areas
  3. Avoid causing unnecessary pain
  4. Ensure area as relaxed as possible
  5. Demonstrate care and concern
  6. Encourage cooperation and confidence
  7. Begin away from injury
  8. visualize structures
147
Q

Information gained by palpation (8)

A
  1. Sensory function
  2. Pain & point tenderness
  3. Deformity
  4. Pulses
  5. Muscle spasms
  6. Skin temperature
  7. Swelling
  8. Crepitation
148
Q

can you feel it or not

A

sensory function

149
Q

distal point to injury

A

pulses

150
Q

distal point to injury

A

pulses

151
Q

Squeaking noise sensation
Grinding sensation

A

2 types of crepititation

152
Q

Stress Assessment (8)

A
  1. Promote cooperation & trust
  2. Calm athlete
  3. Begin slowly & gently
  4. Stress uninjured side first
  5. Increase intensity as tolerated
  6. Compare contralateral areas
  7. Explain maneuvers
  8. Talk to the athlete
153
Q

Information gained by stress procedures (8)

A
  1. Ability to move
  2. Range of motion
  3. Pain
  4. Strength
  5. instability
  6. Point tenderness
  7. creptitation
  8. Functional abilities
154
Q

Heat gained or lost by
1. conduction
2. convection
3. radiation
4. evaporation

A

Hyperthermia

155
Q

direct contact with other objects (absorbed into surrounding objects)

A

conduction

156
Q

indirect heat loss through a medium such as air or liquid

A

convection

157
Q

emission/diffusion of rays of heat (sun or body emitting radiant heat energy)

A

radiation

158
Q

sweating; only effective means the body has heat dissipation

A

evaporation

159
Q

2 problems of dehydration

A
  1. Difficulty sweating
  2. Decreases the total blood volume
160
Q

If you’re not sweating means

A

you’re not cooling down

161
Q

decrease the total blood volume decreases performance potential bc

A

starts taking away blood flow from extremities

162
Q

Painful muscle spasms that occur during or after vigorous exercise

A

Heat cramps

163
Q

cramping **
sweating
dizziness
headache
nausea/vomiting

A

signs & symptoms of Heat cramps

164
Q

rest
water & fluids
remove from hot environment

A

Heat cramps Treatment

165
Q

The body loses so much water & electrolytes through sweating that fluid depletion occurs

A

Heat exhaustion

166
Q

Skin cold & clammy
Grayish color
Dizzy, weak, faint
Nausea (red flag for moving into heat stroke)
Headache
Temperature is usually normal
pupils may be dilated
profuse sweating

A

signs & symptoms of heat exhaustion

167
Q

Remove from heat
Loosen clothing
Drink fluids

A

Treatment of heat exhaustion

168
Q

Nov. 7 1991

A

HIV + outting

169
Q

Provides requirements for employers to follow to ensure employee safety with regard to occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens

A

OSHA bloodborne pathogen standard (section 1910.1030)

170
Q

Disease causing microorganisms that may be present in human blood

A

BBP (bloodborne pathogens)

171
Q

2 significant BBP

A
  1. Hepatitis B (HBV)
  2. Human Immunodefiency virus (HIV)
172
Q

Other BBP

A
  1. hepatitis C
  2. Hepatitis D
  3. Syphilis
173
Q

Alot of ppl have it and don’t know it

A

HBV

174
Q

Engineering Control
Work practice controls
Personal Protective Equipment
Universal precautions

A

BBP Prevention

175
Q

structural or mechanical devices the company provides
Hand washing facilities
Eye stations
Sharps containers
Biohazard labels

A

Engineering Controls

176
Q

behaviors necessary to use engineering controls effectively
Using sharps containers
Using eye wash stations
Washing hands after removing personal protective equipment

A

Work Practice controls

177
Q

equipment provided by your employer at no cost to you
Latex gloves
Masks
Aprons
Gowns
Face shields

A

Personal Protective Equipment

178
Q

concept that all blood and certain body fluids are to be treated as if contaminated with HIV, HBV, or other bloodborne pathogens

A

Universal Precautions

179
Q

Blood
Semen
Vaginal secretions
Cerebrospinal fluid
Synovial fluid
Pleural fluid
Any body fluid with visible blood
Any unidentifiable body fluid
Saliva from dental procedures

A

Materials that require Universal Precautions

180
Q

Feces
Nasal secretions
Sputum
Sweat
Tears
Urine
Vomitus

A

Materials that do not require universal precautions

181
Q

3 doses given over a 6 month period
87% will develop immunity after the second dose
96% will develop immunity after the third dose

A

BBP Immunization

182
Q

3 Purposes of athletic equipment

A
  1. Provide protection and safety from major significant injuries
    2.Increase the comfort and pleasure of participation (by decreasing minor or nuisance injuries)
    3.Prevent possible litigation
183
Q

equipment must fit
equipment must be maintained
equipment must be thrown out when worn

A

Provide protection and safety from major significant injuries

184
Q

buy sports equipment from reputable dealer
buy safest equipment that resources will permit
make sure all equipment is assembled correctly
maintain all equipment properly
use equipment for the purpose for which it was designed
warn athletes using equipment about all possible risks that the equipment could entail
use great caution in the construction or customizing of equipment
use no defective equipment

A

Prevent possible litigation

185
Q

must function as designed or intended, demonstrating its efficacy
must fit properly and maintain position during participation
must not predispose the athlete to another injury
when used correctly must not be harmful to others

A

Use of acceptable athletic equipment

186
Q

2 reasons planning is beneficial

A
  1. improve the healthcare of injured athletes
  2. Legal standpoint (failure to do so could constitute negligence)
187
Q

phones should be readily accessible
someone assigned to make call and provide adequate information:
- type of emergency
- type of suspected injury
- present condition of athlete
- current assistance being given (CPR)
- location of phone being used
- exact location of emergency
keys to gates or padlocks
separate emergency plans for each sport’s field, court, or gym
all coaches, athletic trainers, nurses, students, EMS personnel should be apprised of the emergency plan at an annual meeting (especially athletic trainers and EMS)
someone should get the injured athlete to the hospital

A

Developing an emergency plan

188
Q
  1. anatomy
  2. athletic injuries
  3. evaluative technique
  4. Signs & symptoms
  5. Diagnostic Procedure
A

Athletic
Injury
Assessment

188
Q
  1. anatomy
  2. athletic injuries
  3. evaluative technique
  4. Signs & symptoms
  5. Diagnostic Procedure
A

Athletic
Injury
Assessment

189
Q

Anatomy (all aspects)

Evaluative Techniques

Athletic Injuries

A

Fundamental Requirements for assessment

190
Q

state of consciousness
pulse
pupils
deformity
vomiting
skin color
respiration
swelling

A

Signs:
things you notice

191
Q

nausea
pain
numbness

A

symptoms: things the patient tells you

191
Q

nausea
pain
numbness

A

symptoms: things the patient tells you

192
Q

2 diagnostic procedures

A
  1. primary assessment
  2. secondary assessment
193
Q

A- Airway
B-breathing
C- circulation

A

Primary assessment

194
Q

H - history
O - observation
P - palpation
S - stress examination

A

secondary assessment

kine 318: athletic injuries (27 decks)

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