Quiz 2 Flashcards
framework for most organs;
supports, connects, and protects the body;
injurious mechanical forces include tension (torsional and twisting), compression, and shearing
Connective Tissue
muscle to bone - concentrate a pulling force in a limited area
Tendon
bone to bone - strongest in middle and weaker at ends (avulsion)
Ligaments
shock absorber and distributor of forces (firm, flexible support)
Cartilage
made from collagen (protein that forms strong, flexible, inelastic structures); includes tendons, ligaments, and resistant membranes
Collagenous
densest of all connective tissue consisting of living cells and minerals deposited in a matrix.
Bone
energy storage and metabolism, protection, insulation
Adipose
6 Types of Connective Tissue
- Tendon
- Cartilage
- Collagenous
- Bone
- Adipose
- Ligaments
includes …
joint capsule (cuff of fibrous tissue)
ligaments
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
articular cartilage.
Synovial Joints
6 Types of Joints
- Ball & Socket
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Ellipsoidal
- saddle
- Gliding
allows all possible movements (shoulder and hip)
Ball & Socket Joint
flexion and extension only (knee, elbow)
Hinge Joint
permit rotation around an axis (cervical atlas and axis)
Pivot Joint
elliptical convex head in a elliptical concave socket (wrist)
Ellipsoidal Joint
reciprocally concavoconvex (CMC joint of thumb)
Saddle Joint
allows small amount of gliding back and forth or sideways (joints between the carpal and tarsal bones)
Gliding Joint
traumatic joint twist resulting in stretching or total tearing of stabilizing tissues
Sprain
some stretching or tearing (?) with little or no joint instability; mild pain; little swelling; some joint stiffness
First Degree Sprain
some tearing and separation and moderate instability of the joint; moderate to severe pain; point tenderness; swelling; joint stiffness
Second Degree Sprain
total rupture of the ligament with gross instability of the joint; severe pain initially that may subside; severe swelling and joint stiffness
Third Degree Sprain
at least one bone in an articulation is forced out of its normal and proper alignment and stays out until put back or reduced (manually or surgically); can also be termed a luxation.
Dislocations /Luxation
Joint is forced out & stays out ; noticeably out
dislocation/luxation
temporary or partial dislocation; goes out and then pops back in`
Subluxations
T/F: Both a dislocation and subluxation result in loss of limb function, deformity, swelling, point tenderness, and pain.
True
inflammation of tendon from overuse resulting in
pain (dolar)
swelling (tumor)
redness (rubor)
warmth (calor)
crepitus (hearing a door sqweak)
Tendinitis
inflammation of tendon and its protective synovial sheath
(i.e. long flexor tendons of the fingers as they cross over the wrist joint)
Tenosynovitis
inflammation of bursae (small, fibrous fluid-filled sacs lined with synovial membrane that contains small amounts of synovial fluid). As they become irritated/inflamed, they produce more amounts of synovial fluid which increases pressure & more irritation
Bursitis
traumatic arthritis
capsulitis
synovitis
Other inflammations
a fracture in which there is an open wound of the skin
open (compound) fracture
a fracture in which there is no laceration in the overlying skin
Closed (simple) fracture
perpendicular crack to the longitudinal axis of the bone; very little soft tissue damage
Transverse (bending) Fracture
diagonal crack across the bone; two sharp edges; can result in soft tissue damage
Oblique (compression + bending + torsion)
similar to oblique
twisting or rotation causing the fracture to spiral along the longitudinal axis
Spiral (Torsion) Fracture
multiple bone fragments
Communited Fracture
requires screws & wires
Blowout Fracture
one end is driven up into the other end
impacted (compression) fracture
splintering of a bone as in a twig
most often in kids
Green-stick Fracture
fragment of bone pulled away at the bony attachment of a tendon or ligament
Ex. Pulling a hunk of bone from the groin area
Avulsion Fracture
results from
overuse
overload caused by muscle contraction
altered stress distribution in the bone accompanying muscle fatigue
change in the ground surfaces (grass/clay to wood/asphalt surface)
will not show on x-ray until much later
Stress Fracture
Provides sensitivity and communication from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the muscles, sensory organs, various systems, and the periphery. Injuries caused by compression and tension.
Nerve Tissue
4 Nerve Tissue Conditions
- Hypothesia
- Parathesia
- Hyperthesia
- Neuralgia
diminished sense of feeling
Hypothesia
increased sense of feelings such as pain or touch
Hyperthesia
sensation of numbness, prickling, or tingling which may result from a direct blow or stretch to an area
Parathesia
Achiness or pain along the distribution of a nerve secondary to chronic irritation or inflammation
Neuralgia
Thickening of a nerve; “nerve tumor”
Neuroma
Nerve thickening on the ball of foot
Morton’s Neuroma
3 Types of Nerve Disruptions
- Neuropraxias
- Axonotmesis
- Neurotmesis
A transient and reversible loss in nerve function secondary to trauma or irritation
Neuropraxia
A partial disruption in the nerve
- lasts weeks to 1 year
Axonotmesis
Complete severance of a nerve resulting in permanent loss of function
Neurotmesis
often a major underlying cause of sports injuries
may be from muscle or soft tissue or bony asymmetries
important to alleviate these if possible through therapy
Postural Deviations
affects MCL: medial collateral ligament and causes joint instability and makes one more prone to injury
Knock Knees
Common
Genu Valgum
extra stress on FCL (fibular collateral ligament)
Bow/chromosome legs
not as common
Genu Varum
Hyperextension of the knee
common in females
Genu Recurvatum
T/F : Double Jointedness is valid?
False: not a a real thing = just loose joints
3 Spinal Anamolies
- kyphosis
- Scoliosis
- Lumbar Lordosis
an anteroposterior curvature of the spine (round back)
may be susceptible to anterior dislocations of the arm
Kyphosis
lateral curvature of the spine; may result in severe epiphysitis or bursitis; unequal leg length
Scoliosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (hollow back or swayback);
may result in spondylolysis (breaking down of a vertebra) or spondylolisthesis (subluxation or slipping forward of the fifth lumbar vertebra and that portion of the spine above it over the base of the sacrum); lumbosacral strain, sacroiliac strain, coccyalgia, and hamstring strains
Lumbar Lordosis
NSAIDs stand for
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs:
block specific reactions in the inflammatory process
NSAIDs
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Antipyretic
“blood thinner”
Prevention of heart disease/stroke & anticoagulant
Aspirin
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Advil
Don’t have to worry about blood thinning
Ibuprofen
Anti-inflammatory
Analgesic
Antipyretic
Alieve
Can take much less dosage
Naproxen
Analgesic
Antipyretic
(not an anti-inflammatory)
Tylenol
Acetaminophen
7 Foundations of Physical Conditioning
- Flexibility
- Muscle Strength
- Muscle Endurance
- Agility
- Power
- aerobic capacity
- Body composition
(the ability of a given joint to move freely about a given range)
Flexibility
maximum force
Muscle strength
sustained force
Muscle endurance
direction change
Agility
explosive force
Power
cardiorespiratory endurance
a) Mode
b) Frequency
c) Duration
4) Intensity
Aerobic capacity
Type of activity
mode
How often
frequency
How long
duration
How hard
intensity
ratio of fat to lean tissue
Body Composition
Systematic process of repetitive, progressive exercise or work, involving the learning process and acclimatization.
Training
Increasing the strenuousness of exercise as able (an activity must always be upgraded to a consistently higher level through maximum or near maximum stimulation).
Overload Principle
(DeLorme & Watkins)
The Quadratic Training Cycle
- Pre-Season
- In-Season
- Post-Season
- Off-Season
6-8 weeks
work on all aspects of physical conditioning developing good training habits
gear athlete toward safe and effective participation using SAID Principle
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands (Logan and Wallis): indicates that conditioning and training should be directed toward specific demands of sport
Pre-Season
Specific Adaptation to Imposed Demands (Logan and Wallis)
indicates that conditioning and training should be directed toward specific demands of sport
In pre-season
SAID Principle
purpose is to maintain high levels of fitness attained during preseason while concentrating on competitive performance
Should be specific to sport while continually working on cardiovascular and respiratory systems as well as muscular strength
In-season
physical restoration of the body; allow body to recuperate
“Give the Body a Break”
Post-Season
reach optimum levels of fitness
maintain and further develop cardiovascular, respiratory and muscular systems, increase flexibility and speed, improve reaction time and agility
use other recreational activities to increase conditioning
Off-Season
involves the warm-up and cool-down phases of an exercise program
Flexibility
raise both the general body and deep muscle temperature and to stretch collagenous tissues to permit greater flexibility
helps prevent injuries to muscles, tendons, and ligaments (?)
Increases speed and force of muscle contraction
improves the necessary coordination when related to the activity
in endurance activities, brings on second wind more rapidly
faster and more complete dissociation of oxygen from the hemoglobin which improves oxygen supply during work
Why Flexibility
Muscle strains & avulsions
poor flexibility
subluxations & Dislocations
Hyperflexibility
should be intense enough to increase body temperature cause perspiration but not to cause fatigue
begins with increasing blood flow by increasing heart rate
stretching exercises
increase heart rate
In the past, it was advised to use a static stretch and not a ballistic because:
less energy expenditure
less danger of overstretching or damaging tissues
less resultant muscle soreness
effective in relieving muscle soreness
How Flexibility
Place muscle at greatest length and hold for at least 30 (10 to 60) seconds and repeat
should include movements common to performance
Should last at least 15 to 30 minutes and end 5 minutes before performance
can also use PNF or active assisted stretches using agonist (prime mover) and antagonist (opposing muscle)-CRAC method
How Flexibility
PNF
Proprioceptive
Neuromusclular
Faciliation
Capacity to exert force
Ability to do work against resistance
Strength
forcefully contracting a muscle in a static position (no change in the length of muscle or the joint angle)
Isometrics
safe
cheap
+ of Isometrics
can’t quantify
limited to specific angle
hard to motivate
- of Isometrics
moving a resistive force through a full range of motion
Isotonics
2 types of Isotonics
Concentric
Eccentric
Shortening of Muscle
Concentric
Lengthening of Muscle
Eccentric
complete ROM
develop optimal strength
develop skill and coordination
able to quantify
+ of Isotonics
a dynamic resistive exercise that incorporates a full range of motion with the maximal force at all points in the range of motion.
Isokinetic
speed is controlled
have a constant and consistent force which adjusts during the range of motion
uses all or more of muscle fibers
more often used in rehab
+ of isokinetics
must overcome inertia
different weight throughout because of momentum and gravity
slow and controlled movement that is not specific
cost
not always safe
-ofIsokinetics
T/F: are ballistic & dynamic considered the same
True
In the past, it was advised to use a static stretch and not a ballistic because:
(4)
less energy expenditure
less danger of overstretching or damaging tissues
less resultant muscle soreness
effective in relieving muscle soreness
