Quality Management Knowledge Area Flashcards
Define Quality Management
the processes for incorporating the organization’s policy, used by the project to ensure the deliverables meet the stakeholder’s objectives
quality vs grade
quality is the ability for the item to do what it was designed to do; grade is a category used to label different products or services that compete to meet the same needs of the end user
Prevention over inspection
Prevention is keeping errors out of the process; inspection is keeping errors out of the hands of the customer
(4) types of sampling
Attribute: pass/fail
Variance: testing with a range of acceptable results
Tolerance: specified range of acceptable results
Control Limits: boundaries of common variance outside the control limits would be special cause variance
(5) Levels of Effective Quality Management
- Let the customer find the defects (most expensive)
- Detect and correct the defects before the deliverables are in the customer’s hands
- Use quality assurance to examine and correct the process itself, not just special defects
- Incorporate quality into the planning and designing of the project and product
- Create a culture throughout the organization that is aware and committed to quality processes and products
The Three Quality Processes
PLAN: plan quality management, create the plan
DO: manage quality; asks the question, “are we doing the procedures, processes and actions we planned?”
CHECK/ACT: Control Quality; follow s the plan, checks deliverables and takes action to correct identified defects
(2) Costs of Quality
Conformance and Non-Conformance
(2) Costs associated with conformance quality
Prevention Costs and Appraisal Costs
(2) Costs associated with non-conformance quality
internal failure and external failure costs
Define precision
the values of repeated measurements are clustered and have little scatter
Define accuracy
the measured value is very close to the true value
Cost Benefit Analysis
helps determine if the quality activities are cost effective, high quality results in the less rework, higher productivity, lower costs and increased profitability
Define mutually exclusive
two event can’t occur at the same time (if one event occurs, then the other event cannot occur)
Define statistical independence
the occurrence of one event makes it neither more nor less probable that the other occurs; past coin flips of heads do not change the probability of the next coin flip being heads
Define statistical sampling
choosing a small random sample, and the sample’s properties should represent the entire group
Define control chart
displays process stability and performance
Define Rule of 7
seven consecutive points on a control chart, all on one side of the mean, signifies the process is out of control
Define Benchmarking
comparing your project/process to a known standard
Define flowcharting
visual depiction of the process
Define Design of Experiments
a statistical technique that analyzes several variations at once
Pareto Chart
a type of chart containing both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line; 80/20 rule says 80% of problems are from 20% of the causes, and dictates you should focus most of your attention on those top few causes
Scatter Diagram
plots data points to show the relationship between 2 variables (X,Y)
Cause and Effect Diagram
shows how various factors might be linked to potential problems or effects (AKA Ishikawa and Fishbone)
Kaizen Theory
Japanese word for continuous improvement ; uses Plan-Do-Act cycle
ISO
a quality management certification that requires documenting and following processes
W. Edwards Deming
quality theorist who developed 14 points of Quality Management; stated that poor quality is a result of management problems 85% of the time
Joseph Juran
quality theorist who defined quality as “fitness for use:; promoted conformance and quality by design; promoted the use of the 80/20 rule, developed management’s responsibility
Philip Crosby
quality theorist who believe in conformance to requirements; zero defects; cost of quality
Inputs, T&Ts, Outputs of Plan Quality Management
Inputs: Project charter, project management plan, project documents, EEF/OPAs
T&Ts: Expert judgment, data gathering, data analysis, decision making, data representation, test and inspection planning, meetings
Outputs: Quality management plan, quality metrics, project management plan updates, project documents updates
Inputs, T&Ts, Outputs of Manage Quality
Inputs: project management plan, project documents, OPAs
T&Ts: data gathering, data analysis, decision making, data representation, audits, Design for X, problem solving, quality improvement methods
Outputs: quality reports, test and evaluation documents, project management plan updates, project documents updates
Inputs, T&Ts, Outputs of Control Quality
Inputs: project management plan, project documents, approved change requests, deliverables, work performance data, EEF/OPAs
T&Ts: Data gathering, data analysis, inspection, testing/product evaluations, data representation, meetings
Outputs: Quality control measurements, verified deliverables, work performance information, change requests, project management plan updates, project documents updates
Affinity Diagram
help organize potential causes of defects into groups showing areas that should be focused on the most
CMMI
Capability Maturity Model Integration
Initial: Processes unpredictable, poorly controlled and reactive (chaos, rely on people only)
Managed: Processes characterized for projects and is often reactive (every project is different)
Defined: Processes characterized for the organization and is proactive (projects can tailor processes)
Quantitatively Managed: Processes are measured and controlled (variance analysis with actions)
Optimizing: Focus on process improvement
Quality Function Deployment
helps determine critical characteristics for new product development by focusing on the voice of the customer. The customer needs are then objectively sorted and prioritized, and goals set for achieving them.
Focus of the Kanban Method
four principles are visualizing work, limit work in progress, focus on flow and continuous improvement.
