Q4: Sensory & Motor Mechanism Flashcards
A cell or organ, as well as the subcellular structure that detects stimuli.
sensory receptors
Sensory pathway
- Sensory Reception and Transduction
- Transmission
- Perception
- Amplification and Adaptation
The detection of a stimulus by sensory cells
sensory reception
The conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor.
sensory transduction
The change in membrane potential.
receptor potential
The travelling of sensory information through the nervous system as nerve impulses, or action potentials.
transmission
These are constructions formed in the brain and do not exist outside it.
perception
Two types of modification after transduction of stimuli by sensory receptors
- amplification
- adaptation
It refers to the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction.
amplification
The decrease of responsiveness of receptors after continuous stimulation.
sensory adaptation
Types of sensory receptors
- Mechanoreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- Electromagnetic Receptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Pain Receptors
They sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.
mechanoreceptors
They typically consist of ion channels that are linked to structures that extend outside the cell, such as “hairs” (cilia), as well as internal cell structures, such as the cytoskeleton.
mecchanoreceptors
They include both general receptors—those that transmit information about total solute concentration— and specific receptors—those that respond to individual kinds of molecules.
chemoreceptors
These are receptors that detect forms of electromagnetic energy, such as light, electricity, and magnetism.
electromagnetic receptors
These are receptors that detect heat and cold.
thermoreceptors
These receptors detect stimuli that reflect such noxious (harmful) conditions.
nociceptors (pain receptors)
Types of Sensory Processes in Humans
- Visual
- Auditory
- Olfactory
- Gustatory
- Tactile
- Proprioceptive
- Vestibular
- Interoceptive
After the stimuli was processed by the brain in the sensory pathway, the brain will release a response in a form of _______________________.
motor output
The product of filament movement powered by chemical energy.
muscle contraction
Muscle cell contraction relies on the interaction between protein structures called _______________________.
thin and thick filaments
A globular protein which is major component of thin filaments in muscles.
actin
Types of Muscle Fibers (based on myoglobin)
- Oxidative Fibers
- Glycolytic Fibers
Found in red meat. Has more myoglobin.
oxidative fibers
Found in white meat. Has less myoglobin
glycolytic fibers
Types of Muscle Fibers (based on speed of contraction)
- Fast Twitch Fibers
- Slow Twitch Fibers
Types of Skeletal System
- Hydrostatic Skeletons
- Exoskeletons
- Endoskeletons
The growth and development of plants in response to light. It allows plants to optimize their use of light and space.
Photomorphogenesis
The ability to use light to track time. Plants can tell the time of day and time of year by sensing and using various wavelengths of sunlight.
Photoperiodism
A directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light.
Phototropism
It is made up of chromophore, light-absorbing pigment, and different photoreceptors, which mediates plant’s reaction to light.
Chromoprotein
It acts as a biological light switch. It monitors the level, intensity, duration, and color of environmental light.
phytochrome system
True or False
The phytochrome system is responsible for Phototropism.
False
It is the growth towards a light source.
positive phototropism
It is the is growth away from light.
negative phototropism (skototropism)
These are protein-based receptors responsible for mediating the phototropic response.
phototropins
Another class of blue-light absorbing photoreceptors that also contain a flavin-based chromophore.
Cryptochromes
It ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward sunlight.
Gravitropism
The growth of the shoot apical tip upward.
negative gravitropism
The growth of the roots downward.
positive gravitropism
These are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity.
Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths)
Group of unrelated chemical substances that affect plant morphogenesis.
plant hormones
Five major plant hormones
- Auxins
- Cytokinins
- Gibberellins
- Ethylene
- abscisic acid
They are responsible for apical dominance, root growth, directional growth toward light, and many other growth responses.
auxins
They stimulate cell division and counter apical dominance in shoots.
Cytokinins
They inhibit dormancy of seeds and promote stem growth.
Gibberellins
It speeds up fruit ripening and dropping of leaves.
Ethylene
It induces dormancy in seeds and buds, and protects plants from excessive water loss by promoting stomatal closure.
abscisic acid
