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General Biology 2 > Q4: Sensory & Motor Mechanism > Flashcards

Q4: Sensory & Motor Mechanism Flashcards

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1
Q

A cell or organ, as well as the subcellular structure that detects stimuli.

A

sensory receptors

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2
Q

Sensory pathway

A
  1. Sensory Reception and Transduction
  2. Transmission
  3. Perception
  4. Amplification and Adaptation
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3
Q

The detection of a stimulus by sensory cells

A

sensory reception

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4
Q

The conversion of a physical or chemical stimulus to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor.

A

sensory transduction

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5
Q

The change in membrane potential.

A

receptor potential

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6
Q

The travelling of sensory information through the nervous system as nerve impulses, or action potentials.

A

transmission

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7
Q

These are constructions formed in the brain and do not exist outside it.

A

perception

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8
Q

Two types of modification after transduction of stimuli by sensory receptors

A
  • amplification
  • adaptation
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9
Q

It refers to the strengthening of a sensory signal during transduction.

A

amplification

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10
Q

The decrease of responsiveness of receptors after continuous stimulation.

A

sensory adaptation

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11
Q

Types of sensory receptors

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Electromagnetic Receptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Pain Receptors
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12
Q

They sense physical deformation caused by forms of mechanical energy such as pressure, touch, stretch, motion, and sound.

A

mechanoreceptors

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13
Q

They typically consist of ion channels that are linked to structures that extend outside the cell, such as “hairs” (cilia), as well as internal cell structures, such as the cytoskeleton.

A

mecchanoreceptors

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14
Q

They include both general receptors—those that transmit information about total solute concentration— and specific receptors—those that respond to individual kinds of molecules.

A

chemoreceptors

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15
Q

These are receptors that detect forms of electromagnetic energy, such as light, electricity, and magnetism.

A

electromagnetic receptors

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16
Q

These are receptors that detect heat and cold.

A

thermoreceptors

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17
Q

These receptors detect stimuli that reflect such noxious (harmful) conditions.

A

nociceptors (pain receptors)

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18
Q

Types of Sensory Processes in Humans

A
  • Visual
  • Auditory
  • Olfactory
  • Gustatory
  • Tactile
  • Proprioceptive
  • Vestibular
  • Interoceptive
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19
Q

After the stimuli was processed by the brain in the sensory pathway, the brain will release a response in a form of _______________________.

A

motor output

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20
Q

The product of filament movement powered by chemical energy.

A

muscle contraction

21
Q

Muscle cell contraction relies on the interaction between protein structures called _______________________.

A

thin and thick filaments

22
Q

A globular protein which is major component of thin filaments in muscles.

A

actin

23
Q

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on myoglobin)

A
  • Oxidative Fibers
  • Glycolytic Fibers
24
Q

Found in red meat. Has more myoglobin.

A

oxidative fibers

25
Q

Found in white meat. Has less myoglobin

A

glycolytic fibers

26
Q

Types of Muscle Fibers (based on speed of contraction)

A
  • Fast Twitch Fibers
  • Slow Twitch Fibers
27
Q

Types of Skeletal System

A
  • Hydrostatic Skeletons
  • Exoskeletons
  • Endoskeletons
28
Q

The growth and development of plants in response to light. It allows plants to optimize their use of light and space.

A

Photomorphogenesis

29
Q

The ability to use light to track time. Plants can tell the time of day and time of year by sensing and using various wavelengths of sunlight.

A

Photoperiodism

30
Q

A directional response that allows plants to grow towards, or even away from, light.

A

Phototropism

31
Q

It is made up of chromophore, light-absorbing pigment, and different photoreceptors, which mediates plant’s reaction to light.

A

Chromoprotein

32
Q

It acts as a biological light switch. It monitors the level, intensity, duration, and color of environmental light.

A

phytochrome system

33
Q

True or False

The phytochrome system is responsible for Phototropism.

A

False

34
Q

It is the growth towards a light source.

A

positive phototropism

35
Q

It is the is growth away from light.

A

negative phototropism (skototropism)

36
Q

These are protein-based receptors responsible for mediating the phototropic response.

A

phototropins

37
Q

Another class of blue-light absorbing photoreceptors that also contain a flavin-based chromophore.

A

Cryptochromes

38
Q

It ensures that roots grow into the soil and that shoots grow toward sunlight.

A

Gravitropism

39
Q

The growth of the shoot apical tip upward.

A

negative gravitropism

40
Q

The growth of the roots downward.

A

positive gravitropism

41
Q

These are specialized plastids that contain starch granules and settle downward in response to gravity.

A

Amyloplasts (also known as statoliths)

42
Q

Group of unrelated chemical substances that affect plant morphogenesis.

A

plant hormones

43
Q

Five major plant hormones

A
  • Auxins
  • Cytokinins
  • Gibberellins
  • Ethylene
  • abscisic acid
44
Q

They are responsible for apical dominance, root growth, directional growth toward light, and many other growth responses.

A

auxins

45
Q

They stimulate cell division and counter apical dominance in shoots.

A

Cytokinins

46
Q

They inhibit dormancy of seeds and promote stem growth.

A

Gibberellins

47
Q

It speeds up fruit ripening and dropping of leaves.

A

Ethylene

48
Q

It induces dormancy in seeds and buds, and protects plants from excessive water loss by promoting stomatal closure.

A

abscisic acid

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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