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General Biology 2 > Q4: Reproduction and Development > Flashcards

Q4: Reproduction and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

It is the process by which organisms replicate themselves.

A

reproduction

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2
Q

Two modes of animal reproduction

A
  • sexual
  • asexual
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3
Q

A mode of reproduction where new individuals are generated without the fusion of egg and sperm.

A

asexual reproduction

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4
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A
  • binary fission
  • budding
  • sporogenesis
  • fragmentation
  • parthenogenesis
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5
Q

A mode of reproduction where haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid cell, the zygote.

A

sexual reproduction

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6
Q

This is exhibited by most animals, often related to the changing seasons.

A

reproductive cycle

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7
Q

Both the male and female gametes are produced by the same individual.

A

Hermaphroditic/Monoecious

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8
Q

Having male reproductive organs in one individual and female in another.

A

dioecious

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9
Q

The production of gametes, sperm and egg cells, and takes place through the process of meiosis.

A

gametogenesis

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10
Q

Types of gametogenesis

A
  • oogenesis
  • spermatogenesis
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11
Q

It is where the spermatozoa from spermatogenesis, fuse with the oocyte that is created from oogenesis and creates a zygote.

A

fertilization

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12
Q

Immediately after the fusion of the two gametes, the zygote would undergo rapid cell divisions which characterize this stage of development.

A

cleavage stage

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13
Q

Types of Cleavage patterns

A
  • holoblastic
  • meroblastic
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14
Q

It happens when the cleavage furrow passes entirely through the egg.

A

holoblastic

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15
Q

This happens when the volume of yolk is so great that cleavage furrows cannot pass through it, and only the region of the egg lacking yolk undergoes cleavage.

A

meroblastic

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16
Q

It is where the embryo differentiates into three types of tissue, namely ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

A

gastrulation

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17
Q

They can give rise to all cell types in an organism, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues.

A

totipotent stem cells

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18
Q

They can differentiate into almost all cell types in an organism’s body, but they cannot develop into extraembryonic tissues like the placenta.

A

pluripotent stem cells

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19
Q

This germ layer give rise to the skin and nervous system.

A

ectoderm

20
Q

This germ layer develop into connective tissues, the circulatory system, muscles, and bones.

A

mesoderm

21
Q

This germ layer forms the digestive system, lungs, and urinary system.

A

endoderm

22
Q

The process by which the three germ tissue layers of the embryo, which are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, develop into different organs of the organism.

A

organogenesis

23
Q

The accomplishment of organogenesis ends the period during which the developing organism is called an ___________.

A

embryo

24
Q

A critical process in embryonic development that involves the formation of the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord.

A

neurulation

25
Q

Types of asexual reproduction in plants

A
  • fragmentation
  • sporogenesis
  • specialized parts
26
Q

specialized parts in plants

A
  • rhizome
  • tuber
  • stolon
  • bulbs
  • corm
27
Q

These are horizontal stems that grow above the ground, typically originating from the base of the parent plant. They have specialized nodes that can develop roots and shoots, allowing them to produce new plantlets. Examples include the strawberry plant.

A

stolons/runners

28
Q

These are underground horizontal stems that grow parallel to the soil surface. Examples include ginger (Zingiber officinale).

A

rhizomes

29
Q

These are swollen, underground storage structures that serve as energy reserves for the plant. It can produce new plants through the growth of buds or “eyes” present on its surface.

A

tubers

30
Q

It consist of modified underground stems surrounded by layers of fleshy leaves known as scales. Examples of these plants include onion (Allium cepa) and tulip (Tulipa spp.).

A

bulb

31
Q

These are solid, swollen underground stems that serve as storage organs. They are similar to bulbs but lack the scales.

A

corms

32
Q

Classification of plants

A
  • bryophytes
  • tracheophytes
33
Q

Classification of tracheophytes (vascular plants)

A
  • seedless
  • seeded
34
Q

Examples of bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

A
  • mosses
  • liverworts
  • hornworts
35
Q

Classification of seedless vascular plants

A
  • lycophytes
  • monilophytes
36
Q

Classification of seeded vascular plants

A
  • gymnosperm (non-flowering)
  • angiosperm (flowering)
37
Q

Also called metagenesis or heterogenesis, is the alternation of a sexual phase and an asexual phase in the life cycle of an organism.

A

alteration of generations

38
Q

The sexual phase of metagenesis that produces gametes (2n)

A

gametophyte generation

39
Q

The asexual phase of metagenesis that produces spores (n)

A

sporophyte generation

40
Q

Classification of flowering plants

A
  • monocot
  • eudicot
41
Q

Difference between monocot and eudicot in terms of embryos

A
  • monocot: one cotyledon
  • eudicot: two cotyledon
42
Q

Difference of leaf venation between monocot and eudicot

A
  • monocot: veins usually parallel
  • eudicot: veins usually netlike
43
Q

Difference of stems between monocot and eudicot

A
  • monocot: vascular tissue scattered
  • eudicot: vascular tissue arranged in ring
44
Q

Difference of roots between monocot and eudicot

A
  • monocot: root system usually fibrous
  • eudicot: taproot (main root) usually present
45
Q

Difference of pollen between monocot and eudicot

A
  • monocot: one opening
  • eudicot: three openings
46
Q

Difference of flowers between monocot and eudicot

A
  • monocot: floral organs usually in multiples of three
  • eudicot: floral organs usually in multiples of four or five

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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