Q4: Reproduction and Development Flashcards
It is the process by which organisms replicate themselves.
reproduction
Two modes of animal reproduction
- sexual
- asexual
A mode of reproduction where new individuals are generated without the fusion of egg and sperm.
asexual reproduction
Types of asexual reproduction
- binary fission
- budding
- sporogenesis
- fragmentation
- parthenogenesis
A mode of reproduction where haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid cell, the zygote.
sexual reproduction
This is exhibited by most animals, often related to the changing seasons.
reproductive cycle
Both the male and female gametes are produced by the same individual.
Hermaphroditic/Monoecious
Having male reproductive organs in one individual and female in another.
dioecious
The production of gametes, sperm and egg cells, and takes place through the process of meiosis.
gametogenesis
Types of gametogenesis
- oogenesis
- spermatogenesis
It is where the spermatozoa from spermatogenesis, fuse with the oocyte that is created from oogenesis and creates a zygote.
fertilization
Immediately after the fusion of the two gametes, the zygote would undergo rapid cell divisions which characterize this stage of development.
cleavage stage
Types of Cleavage patterns
- holoblastic
- meroblastic
It happens when the cleavage furrow passes entirely through the egg.
holoblastic
This happens when the volume of yolk is so great that cleavage furrows cannot pass through it, and only the region of the egg lacking yolk undergoes cleavage.
meroblastic
It is where the embryo differentiates into three types of tissue, namely ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
gastrulation
They can give rise to all cell types in an organism, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues.
totipotent stem cells
They can differentiate into almost all cell types in an organism’s body, but they cannot develop into extraembryonic tissues like the placenta.
pluripotent stem cells
This germ layer give rise to the skin and nervous system.
ectoderm
This germ layer develop into connective tissues, the circulatory system, muscles, and bones.
mesoderm
This germ layer forms the digestive system, lungs, and urinary system.
endoderm
The process by which the three germ tissue layers of the embryo, which are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, develop into different organs of the organism.
organogenesis
The accomplishment of organogenesis ends the period during which the developing organism is called an ___________.
embryo
A critical process in embryonic development that involves the formation of the neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord.
neurulation
Types of asexual reproduction in plants
- fragmentation
- sporogenesis
- specialized parts
specialized parts in plants
- rhizome
- tuber
- stolon
- bulbs
- corm
These are horizontal stems that grow above the ground, typically originating from the base of the parent plant. They have specialized nodes that can develop roots and shoots, allowing them to produce new plantlets. Examples include the strawberry plant.
stolons/runners
These are underground horizontal stems that grow parallel to the soil surface. Examples include ginger (Zingiber officinale).
rhizomes
These are swollen, underground storage structures that serve as energy reserves for the plant. It can produce new plants through the growth of buds or “eyes” present on its surface.
tubers
It consist of modified underground stems surrounded by layers of fleshy leaves known as scales. Examples of these plants include onion (Allium cepa) and tulip (Tulipa spp.).
bulb
These are solid, swollen underground stems that serve as storage organs. They are similar to bulbs but lack the scales.
corms
Classification of plants
- bryophytes
- tracheophytes
Classification of tracheophytes (vascular plants)
- seedless
- seeded
Examples of bryophytes (nonvascular plants)
- mosses
- liverworts
- hornworts
Classification of seedless vascular plants
- lycophytes
- monilophytes
Classification of seeded vascular plants
- gymnosperm (non-flowering)
- angiosperm (flowering)
Also called metagenesis or heterogenesis, is the alternation of a sexual phase and an asexual phase in the life cycle of an organism.
alteration of generations
The sexual phase of metagenesis that produces gametes (2n)
gametophyte generation
The asexual phase of metagenesis that produces spores (n)
sporophyte generation
Classification of flowering plants
- monocot
- eudicot
Difference between monocot and eudicot in terms of embryos
- monocot: one cotyledon
- eudicot: two cotyledon
Difference of leaf venation between monocot and eudicot
- monocot: veins usually parallel
- eudicot: veins usually netlike
Difference of stems between monocot and eudicot
- monocot: vascular tissue scattered
- eudicot: vascular tissue arranged in ring
Difference of roots between monocot and eudicot
- monocot: root system usually fibrous
- eudicot: taproot (main root) usually present
Difference of pollen between monocot and eudicot
- monocot: one opening
- eudicot: three openings
Difference of flowers between monocot and eudicot
- monocot: floral organs usually in multiples of three
- eudicot: floral organs usually in multiples of four or five
