Q3: Evolution and Species

Question 1

A working definition of a species and/or a methodology for determining whether or not two organisms are members of the same species.

Answer 1

species concept

Question 2

Types of Species Concept

Answer 2

• Typological/Morphological Species Concept
• Nominalist Species Concept
• Biological Species Concept
• Evolutionary Species Concept

Question 3

In this concept, there is a finite number of varieties of living organisms that exist on earth. These types do not exhibit any relationship with each other. Such varieties are termed as species.

Answer 3

Typological or Morphological Species Concept

Question 4

Who depicted the typological or morphological species concept?

Answer 4

Aristotle and Plato

Question 5

This concept states that the species can be differentiated from other species by their physical features and can be identified by their morphological attributes.

Answer 5

morphological species concept

Question 6

Who formulated the morphospecies concept?

Answer 6

Cain

1954, 1956

Question 7

It is a belief that nature only produces individuals.

Answer 7

Nominalistic Species Concept

Question 8

This concept believes that the species are the creation of man. In nature, they lack definite existence.

Answer 8

Nominalistic Species Concept

Question 9

True or False

Nominalistic species concept have a scientific basis.

Answer 9

False

Question 10

It believes that the species have been invented to be referred to big numbers of individuals jointly.

Answer 10

Nominalistic Species Concept

Question 11

During the 18th century in France, this concept was in demand and even now is used by some botanists.

Answer 11

Nominalistic Species Concept

Question 12

This concept defines species as a group of interbreeding natural population that is reproductively isolated from other such groups.

Answer 12

Biological Species Concept

Question 13

According to the biological species concept, members of a species exhibit these attributes:

Answer 13

• Reproductive community
• Ecological Unit
• Genetical unit

Question 14

For the purpose of reproduction, this attribute involves the individuals of a species recognizing one another as potential mates.

Answer 14

reproductive community

Question 15

This attribute involves all the members cooperatively forming a unit. They interact with other species as a unit in any environment.

Answer 15

ecological unit

Question 16

This attribute involves Species comprising a large, inter-communicating gene pool.

Answer 16

genetic unit

Question 17

The flaws of the biological species concept had led the paleontologists to formulate.

Answer 17

evolutionary species concept

Question 18

An ancestral-descendant sequence of populations.

Answer 18

lineage

Question 19

Simpson (1961) had defined this concept of species as “a lineage evolving separately from others and with its own unitary evolutionary role and tendencies.”

Answer 19

Evolutionary Species Concept

Question 20

Wiley (1978) redefined this concept stating that “a species are a single lineage of ancestral-descendant population which draws its identity from other such lineages and has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate.”

Answer 20

Evolutionary Species Concept

Question 21

It is the means of two individuals are prevented from successful reproduction and kept genetically distinct from each other.

Answer 21

reproductive isolation

Question 22

The two individuals are unable to mate as they live in geographically different areas.

Answer 22

ecological isolation

Question 23

Mating is prevented because the reproductive organs mature at different times.

Answer 23

seasonal isolation

Question 24

Examples of this isolation is when the songs in birds of two species or the coloration isolation of two fishes are so different that one female individual is able to recognize only the male of its species.

Answer 24

ethological/behavioral isolation

Question 25

The male and female organs for mating differ in different species and prevent their union.

Answer 25

mechanical isolation

Question 26

The sperms of one species are not able to survive in the female tract of another species.

Answer 26

physiological isolation

Question 27

If a zygote formed from different species is formed, it will die after some time. if not, it will die in its development.

Answer 27

Zygotic and Developmental

Question 28

A hybrid or a zygote formed from different species may lead to a normal life but cannot reproduce.

Answer 28

hybrid sterility

Question 29

In rare cases, all the above mechanisms fail and a hybrid is fertile, it can produce only one generation.

Answer 29

F2 Breakdown

Question 30

A process by which two species that could otherwise produce hybrid offspring are prevented from doing so.

Answer 30

isolation

Question 31

Types of isolation

Answer 31

• Ecological Isolation
• Seasonal Isolation
• Seasonal Isolation
• Mechanical Isolation
• Physiological Isolation
• Zygotic and Developmental
• Hybrid Sterility
• F2 breakdown

Question 32

Isolation that occurs before fertilisation can occur (no offspring are produced).

Answer 32

Prezygotic isolation

Question 33

Isolation that occurs after fertilisation (offspring are either not viable or infertile).

Answer 33

Postzygotic isolation