Q4: Immunity & Defense Flashcards
Two steps in every immune system of every organism
- immune recognition
- immune response
Types of immune system
- innate immune system
- adaptive immune system
True or False
All animals have adaptive immune system.
False
vertebrates only
In this system, molecular recognition relies on a small set of receptor proteins that bind to molecules or structures that are absent from animal bodies but common to a group of viruses, bacteria, or other microbes.
innate immune system
Innate immunity of insects
- polysaccharide chitin covering
- lysozome
- hemocytes
- antimicrobial peptides
It is used for destruction of Bacterial Cell walls in GI tract for insects.
lysozome
They attach to fungi and bacteria to inactivate or kill by disrupting their plasma membrane.
antimicrobial peptides
Barrier defense of vertebrates
- skin
- mucous membrane
- secretions
It traps pathogens and other foreign bodies.
mucus
It washes out foreign bodies and are inhabitable environments for pathogens due to Lysozymes and acidic levels.
secretion
saliva, tears, mucus
They bind to fragments of molecules normally absent from the vertebrate body but characteristic of a set of pathogens.
toll-like receptors
Phagocytic cells of vertebrates
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Natural Killer Cells
- Eosinophils
- Dendritic Cells
They are found in blood and attracted by signals of infected tissues to locate pathogens.
Neutrophils
‘Big eaters. some are able to migrate and others are fixed
Macrophages
They detect and kill virus-infected and cancerous cells.
natural killer cells
They discharge destructive enzymes to parasites.
Eosinophils
They stimulate the adaptive immunity, found in tissues in contact with the environment.
Dendritic Cells
True or False
When mammalian bodies recognizes pathogens, they trigger the production of interferons and complement system.
True
These are proteins produced by virus- infected cells which induce nearby cells to produce substances that will inhibit viral spread and replication.
interferons
These are free flowing proteins in the blood plasma which is activated by the surface of microbes.
complement system
The pain and swelling that alerts you to damage of your skin which is resulted by signaling molecules being released.
inflammatory response
It dilates blood vessels to become more permeable, which results to localized swelling. Released by mast cells.
histamine
They promote blood flow which results to redness and increase in skin temperature.
Cytokines
A fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue.
Pus
Adaptations that have evolved in some pathogens that enable them to avoid destruction by phagocytic cells:
- Interference in recognition
- Resist breakdown of Lysosome
In this system, molecular recognition relies on a vast arsenal of receptors, each of which recognizes a feature typically found only on a particular part of a particular molecule in a particular pathogen.
adaptive immune system
Recognition and response in adaptive immunity occur with tremendous specificity.
adaptive immune system
True or False
The adaptive immune system relies on E cells and G cells.
False
T cells & B cells
Two types of lymphocytes
- B cells
- T cells
Where are B cells developed?
bone marrow
Where are T cells developed?
thymus
It is used for recognition in adaptive immunity. Binds to one part of one molecule of a particular pathogen.
antigen receptor
Cells produced by B cells once activated:
- plasma cells
- memory cells
Cells produced by T cells once activated:
- memory T cells
- Effector T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Helper T cells
A subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs.
lymphatic system
It helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream.
lymphatic system
It also helps defend the body against infection by supplying disease-fighting cells called lymphocytes.
lymphatic system
Two-branched innate immune system used by plants
- classes of microbes
- pathogen virulence factors
Types of Plants Defensive Mechanisms
- Thorn
- Prickle
- Spine
- Trichome
- Idioblast
- Mutualism
- Crypsis
- Chemical Signaling
These are pointy branches or stems.
thorn
A pointed protuberances from a plant’s epidermis.
prickle
A tiny, hair-like structure found on the surface of plants that can act as a physical barrier, protecting plants from herbivores, pathogens, excessive light, and environmental stresses like wind and drought.
trichome
Specialized cells that contain a variety of defensive compounds, from razor-sharp crystals to pain-inducing chemicals.
idioblast
This happens when a plant resembles its background or an inanimate object to dissociate themselves as food for their predators.
crypsis
The process off subjecting browsers or insect pests to stressful conditions such as drought or microbial infection. This may warn other plants of the impending crises by releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which precipitate physiological reactions in nearby plants.
chemical signaling
