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General Biology 2 > Q4: Immunity & Defense > Flashcards

Q4: Immunity & Defense Flashcards

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1
Q

Two steps in every immune system of every organism

A
  • immune recognition
  • immune response
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2
Q

Types of immune system

A
  • innate immune system
  • adaptive immune system
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3
Q

True or False

All animals have adaptive immune system.

A

False

vertebrates only

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4
Q

In this system, molecular recognition relies on a small set of receptor proteins that bind to molecules or structures that are absent from animal bodies but common to a group of viruses, bacteria, or other microbes.

A

innate immune system

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5
Q

Innate immunity of insects

A
  • polysaccharide chitin covering
  • lysozome
  • hemocytes
  • antimicrobial peptides
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6
Q

It is used for destruction of Bacterial Cell walls in GI tract for insects.

A

lysozome

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7
Q

They attach to fungi and bacteria to inactivate or kill by disrupting their plasma membrane.

A

antimicrobial peptides

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8
Q

Barrier defense of vertebrates

A
  • skin
  • mucous membrane
  • secretions
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9
Q

It traps pathogens and other foreign bodies.

A

mucus

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10
Q

It washes out foreign bodies and are inhabitable environments for pathogens due to Lysozymes and acidic levels.

A

secretion

saliva, tears, mucus

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11
Q

They bind to fragments of molecules normally absent from the vertebrate body but characteristic of a set of pathogens.

A

toll-like receptors

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12
Q

Phagocytic cells of vertebrates

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Natural Killer Cells
  • Eosinophils
  • Dendritic Cells
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13
Q

They are found in blood and attracted by signals of infected tissues to locate pathogens.

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

‘Big eaters. some are able to migrate and others are fixed

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

They detect and kill virus-infected and cancerous cells.

A

natural killer cells

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16
Q

They discharge destructive enzymes to parasites.

A

Eosinophils

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17
Q

They stimulate the adaptive immunity, found in tissues in contact with the environment.

A

Dendritic Cells

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18
Q

True or False

When mammalian bodies recognizes pathogens, they trigger the production of interferons and complement system.

A

True

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19
Q

These are proteins produced by virus- infected cells which induce nearby cells to produce substances that will inhibit viral spread and replication.

A

interferons

20
Q

These are free flowing proteins in the blood plasma which is activated by the surface of microbes.

A

complement system

21
Q

The pain and swelling that alerts you to damage of your skin which is resulted by signaling molecules being released.

A

inflammatory response

22
Q

It dilates blood vessels to become more permeable, which results to localized swelling. Released by mast cells.

A

histamine

23
Q

They promote blood flow which results to redness and increase in skin temperature.

A

Cytokines

24
Q

A fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue.

A

Pus

25
Q

Adaptations that have evolved in some pathogens that enable them to avoid destruction by phagocytic cells:

A
  1. Interference in recognition
  2. Resist breakdown of Lysosome
26
Q

In this system, molecular recognition relies on a vast arsenal of receptors, each of which recognizes a feature typically found only on a particular part of a particular molecule in a particular pathogen.

A

adaptive immune system

27
Q

Recognition and response in adaptive immunity occur with tremendous specificity.

A

adaptive immune system

28
Q

True or False

The adaptive immune system relies on E cells and G cells.

A

False

T cells & B cells

29
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A
  • B cells
  • T cells
30
Q

Where are B cells developed?

A

bone marrow

31
Q

Where are T cells developed?

A

thymus

32
Q

It is used for recognition in adaptive immunity. Binds to one part of one molecule of a particular pathogen.

A

antigen receptor

33
Q

Cells produced by B cells once activated:

A
  • plasma cells
  • memory cells
34
Q

Cells produced by T cells once activated:

A
  • memory T cells
  • Effector T cells
  • Cytotoxic T cells
  • Helper T cells
35
Q

A subsystem of the circulatory system in the vertebrate body that consists of a complex network of vessels, tissues, and organs.

A

lymphatic system

36
Q

It helps maintain fluid balance in the body by collecting excess fluid and particulate matter from tissues and depositing them in the bloodstream.

A

lymphatic system

37
Q

It also helps defend the body against infection by supplying disease-fighting cells called lymphocytes.

A

lymphatic system

38
Q

Two-branched innate immune system used by plants

A
  1. classes of microbes
  2. pathogen virulence factors
39
Q

Types of Plants Defensive Mechanisms

A
  • Thorn
  • Prickle
  • Spine
  • Trichome
  • Idioblast
  • Mutualism
  • Crypsis
  • Chemical Signaling
40
Q

These are pointy branches or stems.

A

thorn

41
Q

A pointed protuberances from a plant’s epidermis.

A

prickle

42
Q

A tiny, hair-like structure found on the surface of plants that can act as a physical barrier, protecting plants from herbivores, pathogens, excessive light, and environmental stresses like wind and drought.

A

trichome

43
Q

Specialized cells that contain a variety of defensive compounds, from razor-sharp crystals to pain-inducing chemicals.

A

idioblast

44
Q

This happens when a plant resembles its background or an inanimate object to dissociate themselves as food for their predators.

A

crypsis

45
Q

The process off subjecting browsers or insect pests to stressful conditions such as drought or microbial infection. This may warn other plants of the impending crises by releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which precipitate physiological reactions in nearby plants.

A

chemical signaling

General Biology 2 (18 decks)

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