Q4: Regulation of Bodily Fluids Flashcards
The process by which animals rid themselves of waste products and of the nitrogenous by-products of metabolism.
excretion
True or False
Excretion allows organisms to control osmotic pressure—the balance between inorganic ions and water—and maintain acid-base balance.
True
True or False
Excretion prevents homeostasis.
False
It is the constancy of the organism’s internal environment.
homeostasis
It is the process of maintenance of salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body’s fluids, which are composed of water, plus electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
osmoregulation
A solute that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
electrolyte
A solute that doesn’t dissociate into ions during water dissolution.
non-electrolyte
A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
osmosis
Types of wastes
- metabolic wastes
- non-metabolic wastes
It is usually not classified as a waste product, should be classified as such because it is a by-product of metabolic activity and must be eliminated to avoid harmful elevation of body temperatures in warm-blooded animals.
heat
Metabolic wastes may be separated into:
- solids
- liquids
- gases
- heat
Wastes that are mainly materials that, by virtue of their chemical makeup, are indigestible or unusable by an organism.
non-metabolic wastes
different ways of excreting wastes for animals
- Alimentary Canal/Gastrointestinal tract
- Respiratory System
- Urinary Tract/Excretory system
Two ways an animal can maintain water balance (osmoregulatory mechanisms)
- Osmoconformer
- Osmoregulator
To be isosmotic with its surroundings, i.e., to have the internal osmolarity the same as that of its environment.
osmoconformer
To control internal osmolarity independent of that of the external environment.
osmoregulator
Types of Animal Nitrogenous By-products
- ammonia (aquatic animals)
- urea (mammals, amphibians, etc.)
- uric acid (reptiles, birds, insects, etc.)
Animals that excrete nitrogenous wastes as ____________ need access to lots of water because it can be tolerated only at very low concentrations.
ammonia
The product of a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide in the liver.
urea
Insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds, excrete this as their primary nitrogenous waste.
uric acid
It can be excreted as a semisolid paste with very little water loss.
uric acid
Excretory process
- filtration
- reabsorption
- secretion
- excretion
A passage where water is transported from the root to all areas of the plant.
transpiration stream
Factors that play a role in pushing water up the transpiration stream:
- root pressure
- capillarity
- transpiration pull
This factor is brought about by osmosis and the unequal concentration of water across the plant. Osmosis will occur up the plant until there is an equal concentration.
root pressure
The force of attraction between two different particles.
adhesion
This is due to adhesion when water passes up the thin xylem tubes, adhering to its surface area, while the force of osmosis gently pushes the water molecules to their desired location
capillarity
The major force that allows water to be transported throughout a plant.
transpiration pull
Water is transpired by a plant via ____________, which means water concentration in these areas will be especially low.
stomata
Evolutionary Adaptations for Water Retention
- curving of leaves
- hairy stomata
- lower frequency of stomata
Due to this adaptation, the water transpired remains in close contact with the leaf. The result is a high concentration of water adjacent to the leaf surface, which will move across the concentration gradient of water back into the plant.
curving of leaves
This adaptation allows water molecules stick to these structure, due to the adhesive attraction between the two structures.
hairy stomata
True or False
Fewer stomata across a plant means less opportunity for water to escape.
True
