Q Banks: Week of 02/13/17 Flashcards
Where do neural crest cells initially come from?
Neural crest cells arise from ectoderm adjacent to the neural groove. When the neural groove pinches off into the neural tube, some of the ectoderm buds off.
Remember that the thyroid’s calcitonin-secreting cells are also called ____________.
parafollicular cells
Local factors control the myogenic response. What are the two most important local factors?
NO and ADP
ADP is vasodilatory because it signals high metabolism.
Protease inhibitors are used to treat what kind of cancer?
Multiple myeloma
MM leads to a massive production of immunoglobulin in plasma cells. These cells need to recycle lots of protein, using proteases. Inhibiting proteases with boron-containing inhibitors like bortezomib causes cells to die from accumulation of toxic protein.
If you’re given a 2x2 table with categorical variables (that is, not means or medians), then you should analyze that with _____________.
a chi-square test
Hypertensive crisis –characterized by diastolic pressures greater than 130 mm Hg –can cause what vascular pathology?
Onion-like hyperplasia of the tunica intima
What cofactor is needed in the transamination reaction?
B6
Think of a pair of dice –the Sketchy symbol for B6 – dangling from a TransAm driven by the INH cowboy.
What is Hartnup disease?
Hartnup disease is an autosomal recessive condition in which the neutral amino acid carrier in the proximal convoluted tubule is defective. As such, amino acids like tryptophan, isoleucine, and others are lost in the urine. It often presents with pellagra due to tryptophan deficiency.
How do proteins C and S work?
They are vitamin K-dependent anticoagulants. They bind with thrombomodulin and inactivate Va and VIIIa.
The sciatic nerve branches into the ________________ posterior to the popliteal fossa.
common peroneal and tibial nerves
Describe the third type of groin hernia that we didn’t talk about in class.
Femoral hernias occur when a segment of bowel slips below the inguinal ligament into the femoral triangle. Because the area is so small, femoral hernias can result in incarceration of the bowel with consequent ischemia and impaired bowel function.
The most common site of femoral hernias is medial to the femoral vein and lateral to the pubic tubercle just inferior to the inguinal ligament.
What is a serious side effect of methimazole?
Agranulocytosis
What is the first-line treatment for antifreeze toxicity?
Fomepizole
What are the two mechanisms of PCP?
- NMDA antagonist (primary)
- SNDRI (secondary)
(Think of the Sketchy NoMaDic camel with nystagmus.)
Heparin is naturally present in ______________.
mast cells
Essential tremor follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. Patients usually report that _____________ improves their symptoms.
drinking alcohol
Bactrim can cause _____-cytopenia.
pan (think of the Sketchy scene in which the guy answering the door to the kids is holding an empty pan)
Talk about the three types of secretory skin glands and give some examples of each.
• Merocrine: secreting through exocytosis
- eccrine sweat glands
- salivary glands
- apocrine sweat glands (formerly thought to be apocrine)
• Apocrine: secreting through membrane-enclosed vesicles
- breast milk
• Holocrine: secreting whole cells
- sebaceous glands
What are some signs of chronic myelogenous leukemia?
- Basophila
- Eosinophila
- Neutrophilia
- Presence of myelocytes and metamyelocytes in the serum
- Absence of neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (which would be present in a leukemoid reaction)
AIDS dementia might present with what neurodegenerative sign?
Hydrocephalus ex-vacuo
What disorder causes accumulation of galactocerebroside?
Krabbe disease (remember the crab galaxy)
What disorder causes accumulation of globotriaosylceramide?
Fabry (remember the Globetrotters next to the alpha-galaxy)
Hunter and Hurler syndromes present with accumulation of _____________.
Glycosaminoglycans such as heparan sulfate
A patient with scoliosis, diabetes, pes cavus (high arches), loss of vibration sense, and ataxia is most likely to die from what cause?
Cardiomyopathy
The clusture of symptoms describes Friedrich’s ataxia.
The most common neoplasm to arise in a person with significant asbestos exposure is ____________.
bronchogenic carcinoma
