Q Banks: Week of 02/06/17 Flashcards
Explain the term polycistronic.
Polycistronic is when multiple genes exist on the same mRNA transcript. The classic example is the E. coli lac operon, which has three enzymes needed for lactose metabolism on one mRNA.
What’s the only significant effect mediated by kappa opioid receptors?
Kappa receptors mediate miosis.
“They Kick your pupils.”
What fascia is often cut to relieve carpal tunnel syndrome?
The transverse carpal ligament, also called the flexor retinaculum
Describe the overall pathology of Paget’s disease.
Initially, osteoclasts –which are MULTInucleated cells dependent on RANK-L for activation –increase the resorption of bone. Later, osteoblasts get even more activated in response and end up increasing the deposition of bone too much.
What does defective DHEA sulfatase produce?
Nothing (that is, people are asymptomatic)
Which organ has foregut blood supply but is derived from the mesoderm?
The spleen!
How does pseudogout appear under polarized light?
Because the calcium pyrophosphate crystals in pseudogout are positively birefringent, they appear yellow when light is perpendicular and blue when the light is parallel. Also, the crystals are rhomboid.
How does the antidote to cyanide poisoning work?
Sodium thiosulfate donates sulfur with captures cyanide.
The three most common types of pica are _________________.
(1) earth/soil, (2) ice, and (3) starches (like flour or cornstarch)
Those with ataxia-telangiectasia are most at risk for what kind of DNA damage?
Double-strand breaks from ionizing radiation
True or false: HIPAA allows for verbal permission to release information.
True. In general, written consent is preferred, but verbal consent can be given.
Describe the types of pain that occur with appendicitis.
Appendicitis usually starts with dull, visceral pain because the internal organs do not localize well. The dull pain is often midline. As appendicitis progresses, it inflames the peritoneum which is somatically innervated and localizes well.
Other than pericardial disease, ____________ can also cause pulsus paradoxus.
severe asthma and COPD
In an elderly woman with primary osteoporosis, the PTH level is likely to be _____________.
normal (as would the calcium)
What molecule inhibits the degradation of levodopa?
Carbidopa
_________________ has been shown to be a mutant protein that decreases the efficacy of chemotherapy.
Multi-drug resistance (a P-glycoprotein that uses ATP to pump hydrophobic drugs out of tumor cells)
What is the only reaction in the TCA cycle that produces a triphosphate?
Succinyl-CoA to succinate
Which reactions in the TCA cycle produce electron carriers?
All of the ones that are not rearrangements or losing CoA (that is, citrate to isocitrate and fumarate to malate do not produce anything, and succinyl-CoA to succinate produces GTP)
What two spots usually act as transcription initiators?
CAAT and TATA
Those with aplastic anemia will almost always not have ______________.
splenomegaly
A great way to diagnose rupture or aneurysms is _________________.
CT without contrast showing white accumulations in the sulci
Immature T lymphocytes arrive in the __________ area of the thymus and lack ___________. They then proceed to the cortex where __________ occurs.
subcapsular area; both CD4 and CD8 (meaning they are “double negative” when they arrive in the thymus); positive selection
What phospholipid ratio indicates lung maturity in a preterm fetus?
Lecithin : sphingomyelin greater than 2
Remember: you wants Lots of Lecithin.
Amniocentesis levels of ____________ can help diagnose erythroblastosis fetalis.
bilirubin
What vitamin D reaction takes place in the skin?
7-dehydrocholesterol to cholecaliceferol
True or false: the kidneys can deactivate vitamin D.
True. The 24-hydroxylase reaction deactivates vitamin D.
What two things are at the periphery of the nucleus?
Barr bodies (inactivated X chromosomes) and heterochromatin (chromosomes with lots of methylated DNA and deacetylated histones)
What is Berkson’s bias?
Choosing hospitalized patients as a control group leads to a skewed comparison
What is the Pygmalion effect?
The Pygmalion effect describes how a researcher’s belief can affect the outcome of the trial. For instance, when teachers were told that students had exceptionally high IQs when the students were actually average, the students performed better –likely because the teachers acted differently toward them.
What must first happen to create an anaphylactic reaction?
A person must be exposed to an antigen (e.g., bee venom) that then leads to an overly robust production of IgE. The next time they are exposed to that antigen, the IgE will cross-link mast cells and release histamine.
Remember that fatty streaks can present as early as _______________, even in healthy, asymptomatic people without histories of heart disease.
the second decade of life
What symptoms can be found in NF-1?
- Neurofibromas
- Café-au-lait spots
- Pheochromocytomas
- Scoliosis
- Meningiomas
- Lisch nodules
What kind of play is characteristic of two-year-olds?
Parallel play
Describe the pre-contemplative stage of behavior change?
When a person doesn’t want to change
For instance, a smoker might not feel the need to stop smoking.
What disease can damage the putamen?
Wilson’s disease
Think of a copper volleyball –a là Castaway –PUT on A MaN.
What is leptin?
Leptin is a hormone secreted by fat cells that acts on the hypothalamus to decrease appetite.
How do thiazolidinediones work?
They stimulate the PPAR-gamma receptor which upregulates adiponectin and increases GLUT4 receptors. The upregulated adiponectin stimulates the oxidation of fatty acids which decreases serum triglycerides.
(In the Sketchy scene, the thiazolidinedione boy is wearing a turtleNECk sweater to represent the upregulation of adiponectin. Also, there is an insulin mailbox on the table behind the girl reading the glitter-covered card. Lastly, the act of the boy eating the donut represents decreased triglycerides.)
In essential fructosuria, ____________ can do some of the work that would normally have been done by fructokinase.
hexokinase
The two functions served by type II pneumocytes are ________________.
secretion of surfactant and regeneration of type I pneumocytes
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate inhibits _____________.
fructose-1,6-bisphophatase
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate stimulates glycolysis. Thus, it needs to inhibit gluconeogenesis, which is mediated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.
The esophagus passes between which cardiac structures?
The left atrium and the descending aorta
AED = atrium esophagus descending
What is nursemaid’s elbow?
Occurring pulling on the forearm of a young child, nursemaid’s elbow is a subluxation of the radius from the annular ligament. The child will present with a pronated and extended elbow.
