Punic Wars & Expansion of Roman Power

Question 1

Carthaginian Background- was a roman colony

Answer 1

Adriatic sea is nasty, largest waves, difficult to sail (people sank there)
Sicilian Pirates
People would pass from Carthage to Sicily because Adriatic was hard, Carthaginians maybe got a cut from the Pirates?

Question 2

ancient Carthage

Answer 2

walls extending into the sea

Question 3

Carthaginian Territory

Answer 3

includes Iberian Peninsula- Sagunium and new carthage

by the coast because they were for trade

Question 4

Carthaginian War Coin

Answer 4

The Carthaginian goddess Tanit and the Greek mythological horse b’rṣt “in the land” (sc. Sicily)

Question 5

First Punic War (264-241)

Answer 5

in Sicily (Messina) and N Africa; naval battles
, Hiero of Syracuse defeated the Mamertines (mercenaries) & these appealed to Carthage and then to Rome 
The Romans secured Messina & then Cathage aided Syracuse
261: Battle of Agrigentum (Acragas) → Carthaginian defeat and swith to naval strategy (pop was too small to fight romans on land)

Question 6

Second Punic War (218-202)

Answer 6

Italy (Hannibal), Hispania (Hasdrubal), Sicily, & Africa (Scipio Africanus) // First Macedonian War (215-205)

219: Hannibal attacked Saguntum (under Roman protection) in Hispania
218: Hannibal crosses the Alps & and invades Italy –Rome distracted by 1st Macedonian War

Question 7

Third Punic War (149-146)

Answer 7

siege & desctruction of Carthage
Numidia (client state of Rome) raided army-less Carthage continously
After paying its war reparations, Carthage felt free to acquire an army again
Numidia defeated Carthage and this had to pay war reparations again
Cato the Elder (aka the Censor): “Carthage must be destroyed” (Carthago delenda est)

Question 8

Polybius (ca. 200-118)

Answer 8

Greek historian (between 2nd and 3rd)

Question 9

First Punic War (264-241) - II

Answer 9

260: Battle of the Lipari islands & Roman defeat → Rome improves its navy
Navy estrategies
Carthage: ramming & sinking
Rome: corvus (assault bridge)
241: After many Roman victories, Carthage signed a peace treaty

Question 10

corvus

Answer 10

assault bridge

Question 11

Between wars (240-219

Answer 11

After the war, Carthage had economic problems (Mercenary War, 240-238)
238: after mercenaries revolted against Carthage due to delays in payments, Rome took advantage and seized Corsica & Sardinia
Carthaginian expansion in Hispania

Question 12

220 BCE Carthaginian colonies

Answer 12

Gadeira- trade with other side of N Africa (gorillas origin!!)
Saguntum broke ties with carthage

Question 13

Hannibal’s army:

Answer 13

mostly mercenaries from Hispania: 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants –BUT he loses his siege engines (no way to take Rome without them)

Question 14

Roman defeats: Second Punic War

Answer 14

Trebia, Lake Trasimene, Cannae

Question 15

Socii-

Answer 15

(latin) society, socus- associate (pledges alliance to you in exchange for protection, you get services, like the godfather)

Question 16

Second Punic War (218-202) - II

Answer 16

Hannibal failed to convince Italian allies of Rome to switch sides, did not receive reinforcements from Carthage, & without siege engines he could not take Rome
Hasdrubal (Hannibal’s brother) campaigned in Hispania but was defeated by Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus(The African One)
Hasdrubal crossed the Alps with another army but was defeated (Roman Army had returned)

Question 17

Second Punic War (218-202) - III

Answer 17

Scipio Africanus captured the Carthaginian cities in Hispania and went to Carthage
203: Hannibal returns to Carthage to fight Scipio
202: The Romans defeat Hannibal at the Battle of Zama (S of Carthage)
Peace with heavy impositions on Carthage: war reparations, seizure of its colonies, and elimination of its army & navy

Question 18

Cato the Elder (aka the Censor)

Answer 18

ranted against youth in rome who were too influence by Greek, against foreign influence in rome, conservative. “Carthage must be destroyed” too many wars

Question 19

Third Punic War (149-146) - II

Answer 19

Roman demands to provoke Carthage:
the surrender of 300 children of the nobility as hostages
the demolition of Carthage and its rebuilding away from the coast
Carthage refused to destroy itself: the Carthaginians (not mercenaries) defended their city (civilians!)
Three-year siege of Carthage by Scipio Aemilianus and final destruction in 146

Question 20

261: Battle of Agrigentum (Acragas)

Answer 20

Carthaginian defeat and swith to naval strategy (pop was too small to fight romans on land)