Greeks: The Persian Wars

Question 1

Leonidas & the 300 hundred

Answer 1

Simonides of Ceos/Kea (ca. 556-468) “Stranger, tell the Spartans that here We lie, obedient to their orders.”
on 3rd day there was 300 spartans out of 11,200 greeks
300 Spartans, 400 Thebans, 700 Thespians, 900(?) helots…

Question 2

Delian League

Answer 2

Athens forms this to fight Persians- esp Delos

Question 3

Croesus of Lydia 560-546)

Answer 3

attacked the Persian army in central Anatolia; Cyrus defeated him and took Sardis (the Lydian capital)

Question 4

Pactyas

Answer 4

local official appointed by Cyrus as treasurer in Sardis, revolted against the Persian garrison; Cyrus sent one of his general (Mazares), who sacked several Anatolian cities and sold the inhabitants of one (Priene) into slavery.

Question 5

After the fall of Lydia, Cyrus confronted Nabonidus in Opis (east of the Tigris

Answer 5

huge Babylonian defeat, and seize of Sippar, Babylon, and the whole of Babylonia (Nabonidus is made prisoner).

Question 6

Croesus on the pyre:

Answer 6

Bacchylides (saved by Apollo) vs. Herodotus (by Cyrus & Apollo) amphora from Vulci (Etruria, Italy) ca. 500–490 B.C.E. (Louvre)

Question 7

ionian coast

Answer 7

persians controlled all the trade

Question 8

Darius I

Answer 8

Greeks at Marathon and lost (490) Mainland greece and western islands under control of greece, but persians get lydia, and all the colonies on the east, asia minor, so they can’t invade mainland greece
Greece’s wealth was in trade,

Question 9

Xerxes

Answer 9

Persians won at Thermopylae (Leonidas & “the 300”)

BUT the Persian navy was then defeated in the straits of Salamis (480) and its infantry in Plataea (479)

Question 10

Historians (about the 300)

Answer 10

Diodorus- historian much later
Pausania- wrote about temples, rituals, was a greek priest- historical writer
Historians become more rational years later- never took on anyone alone, always with other city-states backing them up

Question 11

Persian warriors

Answer 11

The elite: the Immortals: prob. wouldn’t have actually fought in the front lines, confused with “Anooshia” companion troops

Question 12

battle at the mouth of the Eurymedon river in Pamphylia in 466

Answer 12

Delian League to fight the Persians: chain of Persian defeats culminating in the (sea and land) battle at the mouth

Question 13

Xerxes and his crown-prince (another Darius) were murdered in a court plot (465)

Answer 13

Peace of calius- is it historical or not? (maybe no one abided by it)
Murdered- maybe because of pamphylia – that many losses (caused others to lose respect for him) his successor might have been part of the plot

Question 14

SYBARIS

Answer 14

main consumers of perfumes and vain

Question 15

Artaxerxes I (465-424/423)
Peace of Calius**?

Answer 15

probably part of the plot against Xerxes, but he still executed his predecessor’s assassins in public
the Athenians attacked Cyprus (under Persian control) with no success: the “Peace of Callias” is only known from writers who wrote centuries later (e.g., Diodorus Siculus)… Thucydides does not mention it…

Question 16

peace of calius

Answer 16

autonomy to the Ionian states in Asia Minor
it prohibited the establishment of Persian satrapies elsewhere on the Aegean coast
it banned Persian ships from the Aegean
For the Persians: Athens agreed not to interfere with Persia’s possessions in Asia Minor, Cyprus, Libya, and Egypt

Question 17

the outbreak of the Peloponnesian war

Answer 17

(Athens vs. Sparta) in 431 was exploited by the Persians

Question 18

Persian governor of Lydia (Pissouthnes)

Answer 18

aided the Samian exiles to regain control of Samos

Question 19

classical athens on dicatators

Answer 19

would exile them once they helped them through a bad time

Question 20

kalokagathia

Answer 20

kalos: beautiful, handsome, good, noble
agathos: good, brave (said of heroes), virtuous
ties in with youth especially

Question 21

agon

Answer 21

kalokagathia: proved at these festivals

Question 22

symposion

Answer 22

drinking, collaboration, mentor/tutee “love”

Question 23

Discobolus

Answer 23

Typical athletic/olympic activity

DISCUS, cup c. 490

Question 24

kouros

Answer 24

At end of 6th century- beauty/goodness
Kouros- young man (puberty @ 13-20/21)
Stereotypical proportions, head is 1/7 of the rest of the body

Question 25

Late Archaic

kore

Answer 25

Kore- young woman (men are naked, women are not) **

statues of goddesses are naked, Archaic (frozen) smile, probably painted in vibrant colors

Question 26

Etruscan statues

Answer 26

sardonic smile

Question 27

Pindar (poet)

Answer 27

victory odes have survived (victory ode = epinikion

Question 28

kottabos

Answer 28

lee is left (remnant of grapes at bottom of cup, remains of yeast from fermentation) game where you throw the lee that’s left over at targets-on fresco from the Tomb of the Diver (475), Paestum (Italy)

Question 29

men fought naked

Answer 29

side b agon scene ca. 540

Question 30

erastes (lover)- like zeus

Answer 30

eromenos (beloved)- like Ganymede

Question 31

hetairai

Answer 31

It’s a job and status- closest thing to an emancipated women, some women were in charge- running a business. Hetaira wasn’t an insult

Question 32

Sappho (630/612-570)

Answer 32

Considered a muse- legendary status, her poetry is fragmented , new poem by her discovered 4 years ago
Writes poetry in praise of other women
“That man seems to me equal to the gods, he who sits in your presence, and listens closely to you speak sweetly…”
Sapphia/Sapphic

Question 33

Parthenon & the Classical Acropolis (built 447-432)

Answer 33

women were in festivals,

Question 34

Panathenaic festivals

Answer 34

Women played essential role in this

all of athens

Question 35

Greek lyric - poetry and songs: prosodia

Answer 35

processional songs, walking

Question 36

Greek lyric - poetry and songs: encomia

Answer 36

songs praising individuals, like the dictators

Question 37

Greek lyric - poetry and songs: epithalamia

Answer 37

wedding songs (thalamos= bed, bedroom)

Question 38

Greek lyric - poetry and songs; partheneia:

Answer 38

maiden songs, virgin, unmarried women

Question 39

Greek lyric - poetry and songs: Epinikia

Answer 39

nike= victory, odes to victors of chariot races and wrestling etc

Question 40

Greek lyric - poetry and songs: hymns

Answer 40

attributed to Homer but later than Illiad and Odyssey