GREECE- alexander and Hellenism

Question 1

Sparta & war with Persia (400-395)

Answer 1

Lysander (Sparta) had backed the expedition of Cyrus against Artaxerxes II
The Persians helped revolts against Sparta in Thebes and Corinth, which had supported Sparta during the Peloponnesian War but gained nothing afterwards

Question 2

Corinthian War (395-386)

Answer 2

Sparta against a coalition of four allied cities (Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos), which were initially backed by Persia
Alarmed by the Athenian military successes, the Persians stopped backing the anti-Spartan allies and began supporting Sparta
Lots of money= large army, well paid etc. many of their fighters were actually corinthians…. Despite their previous reputation

Question 3

koine

Answer 3

common language of later Greece

Question 4

battle of Cunaxa 401

Answer 4

march of 10,000 w/ Xenophon (Xerxes)

Question 5

Early 300s-Sparta

Answer 5

spartan power will decrease b/c those that sided with Spartans didn’t get anything out of it**

Question 6

Lysander (Sparta) had backed the expedition of Cyrus against Artaxerxes II (400-395)

Answer 6

The Persians helped revolts against Sparta in Thebes and Corinth,(against Athens) who had supported Sparta during the Peloponnesian War but they gained nothing afterwards
Perians are now annoyed at the Spartans

Question 7

Corinthian War (395-386)
coalition of four allied cities (backed by Persia vs. Sparta)

Answer 7

Thebes, Athens, Corinth, and Argos

Question 8

corinthian navy-

Answer 8

usually defensive, to guide shipments

Question 9

The King’s Peace / Peace of Antalcidas (386)

written down by Xenophon

Answer 9

1. Asian cities belong to persians
2. Athens can only have Lemnos, all else indepedent
3. War vs. Persia if you don’t agree

Question 10

anabasis

Answer 10

up, growth, expansion (Arrian the historian’s anabasis of Alexander)

Question 11

Boeotian League / Theban hegemony

Answer 11

(including Thebes) commanded by Epaminondas at Leuctra (371) and at Mantinea (362) put an end to Spartan supremacy in Greece
lost with the Macedonian invasion

Question 12

Macedonian invasion

Answer 12

invasion by Philip II, which culminated in the Battle of Chaeronea (338

Question 13

Greek Tyrants (Before Philip II) Jason of Pherae

Answer 13

ruled Thessaly in the 370’s, amassed a large army (mercenaries & Thessalian cavalry), and considered even attacking the Persians. Isocrates (the orator) asked him to unify Greece (then he asked Philip II).

Question 14

Greek Tyrants (Before Philip II) Dionysius I

Answer 14

the tyrant of Syracuse (Sicily). As a commander, he had fought Carthage and then he seized power & became tyrant (405-367).- surrounded his court with philosphers and artists (Plato was there for a few years), treated them as clowns

Question 15

Philip II (359-338)

Answer 15

Alexander’s Father in the Kingdom of Macedon

Question 16

Macedonian phalanx

Answer 16

sarissa- 30 ft. long poles, porcupine. Macedonian army is more uniform, Persian is split up (like confederates)

Question 17

Demosthenes (ac. 355-322)

Answer 17

Warns against Philip II- speaks huge speeches (stuttered as a child, and put pebbles in his mouth)
Last menifestation of citizen civic engagement in Greece- tries to galvanize public opinion in Greece to create a common front against Macedonians (indivdual can become a voice and leader of a movement of people) creates this Greek Identity of Hellenic

Question 18

The League of Corinth (aka Hellenic League, Hellenes “Greeks”

Answer 18

was a federation of Greek states created by Philip II during the winter of 338/337; the League would provide military forces in Philip’s war against Persia
used Greek Identity to unite and conquer

Question 19

Chaeronea (338)

Answer 19

Philip II (& his son Alexander) defeated the alliance of Theban and Athenian forces at -The Theban Sacred Band (300 elite soldiers) fell in Chaeronea
statue of a lion

Question 20

Alexander (ac. 336-323)

Answer 20

Alexander invades Asia (334-323)
Isius and gaugamela- 2 major battles, after gaugamela all of Persian Empire falls into Macedonians hands
Huge battle with thousands of elephants in between modern day afghanistan and India

Question 21

The Alexander Mosaic (Pompeii, ca. 200 b.c.e.)

Answer 21

Alexander & Darius III at Issus (333)

Question 22

Alexander’s horse!

Answer 22

Bucephalus

Question 23

331- battle of gaugamela

Answer 23

Babylonian astronomical diary referring to the Battle of Gaugamela, no place by that name is mentioned before or after

Question 24

proskynesis

Answer 24

lying prostrate, Alexander & Persian ceremonies, he adopted customs of those he conquered,didn’t impose his on others

Question 25

coins

Answer 25

Zeus-Ammon head (horns) | Ptolemaic coin with Alexander wearing an elephant scalp as symbol of his conquest of India

Question 26

Alexander as pharaoh on a relief at Luxor, in thetemple of Amenhotep III

Answer 26

Alexander’s Egyptian royal name: Meryamun Setepenra (beloved by Amun, chosen by Ra) Alexandros

Question 27

323- Death of Alexander

Answer 27

Empire is split by generals after death (macedonian generals) ie. Ptolemaic kings of Egypt 305-30 b.c.e. Seleucid kings of Syria 305-63 b.c.e.

Question 28

Rome takes over Alexander's territory

Answer 28

2 sides to every story