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Egypt Flashcards

1
Q

Manetho

A

Egyptian priest, lived during Roman Empire, wrote in Greek. “A history of ancient Egypt” groups kings into surprisingly accurate dynsaties

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2
Q

intermediate periods

A

“unity” between N & S Egypt breaks down

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3
Q

King

A

acts as unifying religious/cultural figure, but governors hold the majority of the power

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4
Q

New Kingdom

A

2nd half of 2nd millenium, biggest, most well known kingdoms

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5
Q

Middle kingdom

A

1st 300 years of 2nd millenium, no major building projects

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6
Q

3rd intermediate, or Saite

A

foreign rulers (successors of Alexander the Great all split his land up and Ptolemaic Egypt begins)- Cleopatra and Marc Anthony

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7
Q

Lot of trade/contact with Uruk pd. Mesopatamia- similar counting devices/ containers, materials (imported) or Uruk pottery styles

A

otherwise geographically locked

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8
Q

several dialects

A

Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian, Late Egyptian

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9
Q

2 scripts

A

Hieroglyphs (used for walls) and Hieratic (hieratic is cursive version/ shorthand)

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10
Q

Demotic

A

a very late and quite different dialect of Egyptian, with its own script
shorthand of a shorthand, no articles are used shows up in 1st millenium, based off a tribe

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11
Q

coptic

A

language of Christians in Egypt (Copts), written with an adaptation of Greek alphabet
still used today sometimes

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12
Q

On Isis and Osiris

A

Plutarch

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13
Q

Predynastic Period

A

2nd half of 4th millenium
Upper Egypt: Naqada
Lower Egypt: Fayum (also point of split between the n&S)

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14
Q

pictures weren’t literal

A

often syllabic and literal mixed together (ie scorpian king)

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15
Q

Herodotus

A

ethnographers…. made fun of others~ prostitution story

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16
Q

Mastaba Tombs

A

flat, underground, in Abydos, funerary inscriptions (most of literary text is from these)

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17
Q

unification of predynastic

A

Meni (king Menes (in Manetho) = Min (in Herodotus)
Red-lower egypt
White- upper egypt

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18
Q

Narmer Palette

A

possibly decorative used to be for making perfumes
(narmer)- fish (mer)-chisel
one side is white crown (with man) other is red crown (winding necks)

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19
Q

Old Kingdom- Dynasties III-VI (ca. 2686–2181)

A

3 large pyramids at Giza

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20
Q

Dynasty III (Old Kingdom)

A

Djoser (step pyramid at Saqqara)

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21
Q

Dyn. IV (old Kingdom)

A

: Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren), Menkaure (Mycerinus)- 3 giza pyramids
Necropolis near Memphis (Giza, Saqqara) and at Abydos

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22
Q

Weni’s Tomb at Abydos

A

relatively simple compared to style of the time (grave robbers?) huge autobiographical text

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23
Q

Necropolis

A

many pyramids were surrounded by funerary complexes

(caretakers)- now stand alone

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24
Q

First Intermediate Period (Dyn. VII-X & Early Dyn. XI (2180–2040)

A

decline leading to civil war

center shifts to Herakleopolis first and then to Thebes

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25
reunification at end of First Intermediate Period
Mentuhotep II
26
Instructions
(Merikare, Ipuwer): restoring Ma‘at- becase upheaval was occurring
27
Ma'at
justice, truth, equilibrium- the feather of Ma'at (coptic jars, heart and feather, weight=judgement)
28
Middle Kingdom (ca. 2040–1730)Late Dynasty XI–Early Dynasty XIII
Extensive mining in the Sinai → Serabit el-Khadim (NW Semitic presence) literature: Story of Sinuhe (courtier of Amnemhat I) - Middle Egyptian dialect (then “Late Middle Egyptian” as artificial lit. dialect) **very small buildings
29
Dyn. XII: of middle kingdom
Amenemhat/Ammenemes I-IV, Sesostris I-III, Queen Sobeknefru (last monarch)
30
Alphabetic inscription from the Sinai (“Proto-Sinaitic”)
Forerunner of phoenecian alphabet- alpha, resh…..
31
Queen Sobeknefru
last monarch of middle kingdom, first queen to rule on her own
32
Serabit el-Khadim
Extensive mining in the Sinai, where canaanites worked, basis of Exodus, cemetaries with graffiti
33
literary language
middle egyptian, later middle egyptian
34
arabia petria
stony desert, in arabia
35
After 3rd intermediate pd, it got so bad that local powers moved into the vacuum left
-libyan dynasty Meroidic Persians (Cambyses II)- battle of marathon Xerxes fought most battles (he’s the one painted as evil)
36
Proto-Sinaitic
before alphabet, in the sinai. not standardized
37
Second Intermediate Period (ca. 1730–1550)Late Dynasty XIII–Dynasty XVII
Dyn. XV: Hyksos:rulers of foreign lands | Hyksos described as “Asiatic” and “men of Retenu”- levant area
38
Avaris
political center in second intermediate (E Delta) Tell ed-Dab‘a (Minoan-styled wall paintings, as in the Greek islands of Crete and Thera)
39
Fresco from Avaris (Tell ed-Dab‘a)
similar to: Fresco from Minoan palace in Crete (Knossos)
40
New Kingdom (ca. 1550–1080)Dynasties XVIII-XX
Coregencies: Hatshepsut & Tuthmosis III Dyn. XIX: Ramesses II, Merneptah Dyn. XX: Ramesside dynasty (Ramesses III-XI) Massive temples: Abu Simbel (Nubia); Karnak (Thebes); Abydos; Medinet Habu (W Thebes)
41
damnatio memoriae
damaging of the memory, to erase the traces of existence or power)
42
coregencies (ie. Hatesepshut)
Many coregencies occur because heir is too young, (favorite wife of the dead king, even though she was not the technical mother of Tuthmosis III)
43
Hateshepsut
ruled as a male, widow of Tuthmosis II; regent for Tuthmosis III?) → she bears king’s cloths & royal beard
44
Abu Simbel
Temple of Ramesses II, Southern most part of egypt
45
Abu Simbel
: Temple of Nefertari (wife of Ramesses II)
46
temple at karnak
Certain areas of temple are open because they’re worshipping the sun- Ra, Aten, Atum etc. Hypostyle- means supported by columns, room full of them (actually to have much surface to paint on!)
47
Annals of Tuthmosis III (New Kingdom)
on the walls of the Karnak temple (diary of his campaigns)
48
Merneptah stela
Royal edicts & Royal inscriptions
49
Report of Wenamun
fictional report of a man sent from Thebes to Byblos; end of NK looking for timber (Egypt didn’t have this)
50
between Ramesses II and Hattusili III (Hittite king)
treaty, Tutankhamun Dies as a young man, his widow writes to the hittites king and asks for a hubby?!
51
Deir el-Medina
Administrative and economic documents ,ostraca and papyri. Many love poems come from here- written on sherd (broken pots) Economic transactions about donkeys- main form of transport for artists goods artist and crafstmen live here
52
beginning of New Kingdom: Early Dyn. XVIII
( mythical king) Ahmose/Amose expelled the Hyksos (from 2nd IntMed Period) and pursued them into Palestine
53
Tuthmosis I (New kingdom)
court switches from Thebes to Memphis, but Thebes is filled with huge public buildings: Karnak; Valley of the Kings; Valley of the Queens
54
Tuthmosis III
large campaigns in Palestine, Syria, Mitanni, temple in Luxor, top of obelisk is Amun
55
Amarna period (new Kingdom)
Amenhotep/Amenophis IV renamed himself Akhenaten and switched the royal center to Amarna (Akhetaten); married to Nefertiti Amarna isn't near Nile, so hard work for lower class, plus Akhenaten practices Henotheism (angers priests and common people) His name is later crossed off
56
Nefertiti- married to Akhenaten/Amenophis IV
cult of Aten (the sun-disc) → damnatio memoriae | Nefer- beautiful one
57
capitals of Egypt
Amarna- amarna period, Memphis, Luxor/Thebes, Avant- hyksos capital
58
akhenaten iconography
marfan's syndrome or Froelichs/adiposogenital, or ARTISITC REPRESENTATION, emphasis on belly button, is this because of fertility of the sun's rays?
59
Sety I: Dynasty XIX
Great Temple at Abydos listing Egyptian kings beginning with Menes (funerary temple of Sety I in Abydos)- proves Manetho is mostly accurate (still missing dynasty 0 though)
60
Ramesses II: Dynasty XIX
: long reign (ca. 68 years) → many children, succession problems? battle of Kadesh between Ramesses II and the Hittite king Muwatalli → peace treaty between Ramesses II and Hattusili III → Hittite funerary temple in theban necropolis
61
Merneptah
stela (“Israel”), other places tried to imitate egyptian art in the ancient near east
62
Abu Simbel
far south in egypt, shows rameses II "smashing enemies"
63
Kadesh
Bekka valley (where Hezbollah is now)
64
Rameses III**
Dynasty XX: country divided between north (Tanis) and south (Thebes) @ time of sea peoples, and 1200-1100 power vacuum
65
Ramesses XI
11th century) → loss of royal power, civil war, division of Egypt TANIS becomes power center over Thebes in dyn XXI (gateway of levant and egypt, in delta)
66
Third Intermediate Period (foreign rulers, continued break between n & S)
Dynasties XXI–XXV: a network of small states linked to each other Dynasties XXII-XXIV 6 rulers came from Libyan tribes Dynasty XXV: Napatan Dynasty (Napatans from Nubia) & in 715 Egypt is annexed to Nubia Assyrian invasion and defeat of the Napatans by Assurbanipal (mid 7th cent.)
67
Dynasty XXVI = Saite Dyn
Psammetichus I ..., Amasis, Psammetichus III Demotic (both script and dialect) on papyri: legal documents, letters, literature, BUT hieroglyphics and “Middle Egyptian” still used on monumental inscriptions Herodotus (book II) of histories
68
Cambyses
conquers egypt: (525), when Psammetichus III was still trying to consolidate his rule: Egypt became a Persian province
69
Alexander: greek conquerer
Ptolemy inherits and ptolemaic period commences

CAMS (18 decks)

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