Pulmonary vasculature pattern Flashcards
Most common 3 edtiologies for pulmonary vasculature are:
- CHF
- hypovolemia
- Heartworms
Alterations in size, shape, distrobution, or number of pulmonary vessels results from increase or decrease in ______ of blood or ____ ____ ____.
volume
turbulent blood flow
Right cranial lobar vessels are evaluated on a ____ _____ radiograph
left lateral
Vascular patterns
A= normal artery
B= Artery larger than vein (heartworm disease)
C=Vein larger than artery (LEFT HEART FAIL)
D= Indistinct vascular margins (Parenchymal lung disease)
Right cranial lobar vessels are wider than the narrowest part of the ____ rib on a _____ radiograph.
4th
left
Caudal lobar vessels are wider than the ____ rib where vessels and ribs cross on a ______ radiograph.
9th
DV/VD
Small pulmonary vessels result from ______ lungs. Vessels are smaller than expected and cannot be followed as far ______ as normal. Lungs seem to be ______ and less opaque. Cardiac silhouette, caudal vena cava, and aorta often are _____.
- *Undercirculated (hypovascular)**- shock, dehydration, anemia, hypoadrenocorticosterism (Addison’s disease), low cardiac output (pericardial effusion, cardiomyopathy), severe congenital heart dz (tetrlogy of Fallot, pulominic stenosis)
- *peripherally**
hyperinflated
small
Enlarged arteries with normal-size veins most commonly result from?
Heartworm dz, LARGE L-R intracardiac shunt (due to septal defects), Thromboembolic dz, Pulmonary hypertension, Chronic lung dz., Peripheral arterioventous fistula.
Enlarged veins with normal-sized arteries usually are due to ____ ____ ___.
Left Heart Failure- mitral insufficiency, cardiomyopathy, iatrogenic fluid overload, Left atrial obstruction (neoplasia, thrombus), right to left intracardiac shunt (tetralogy of Fallot)
Indistinct or obscured vascular margins are due to increased opacity in ____ _____. Absence of visualization of vascular margins are due to alveolar filling and loss of air in the _____ _____.
Lung parenchyma
adjacent lung
Findings with vascular lung patters are:
- Abnormal size of pulmonary arteries, veins, or both
- Asymmetry in size of paired pulmonary vessels
- Blunted, irregular, or curved shape of vessels
- Vascular margins my be obscured due to perivascular leakage of fluid
Enlargement of both pulmonary areteries and veins can be caused by:
- Iatrogenic fluid overload
- L-R intracardiac shunt (PDA, Ventral Septal Defect, Atrial Septal Defect), 3. Feline cardiomyopathy
- Pulmonary congestion (precedes pneumonia)
- Left heart failure
- Chronic anemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Upper airway obstructions
Differance b/t a Bronchovascular bundle vs. a Bronchiovascular bundle
Bronchovascular bundle
Bronchi
Arteries
Veins
Lymphatic vessels
Bronchiolovascular bundle
Bronchioles
Arterioles
Venules
Lymphatic vessels
Air filled lungs are the only organs in which arteries and veins are visible on _____ radiographs. Three beds are present in the lung.
Pulmonary arteries: carry ____ blood from ____ to ____.
Pulmonary veins: carry _____ blood from ____ to ___.
Bronchial arteries: supply ____ blood to ___.
Survey
artries- carry venous blood from heart to the lungs
veins: - carry arterial bloo from lungs to the heart
arteris: - supply arterial blood to the lungs
Pulmonary vessels are tubular, soft tissue opacity structures, which are _____ at the heart and gradually _____ peripherally. Vessels have ____ margins and branch evenly without appearing irregular, ____, or blunted. Blood vessels can normally be followed ______ in the the lung _____ than can the bronchi.
larger
taper
smooth
curved
further
periphery
Pulmonary arteries and veins are paired with a ____ in b/t them. Paired vessels are similar in _____, _____ and course. Veins are ____ and _____ to the arteries. ______ b/t vessel pairs may not be visible unless the walls are ____ or mineralized.
bronchi
size, shape and course
ventral and central (veins are medial to arteries on DV/VD rads and caudoventral to arteries on lateral rads)
Bronchi
thickened
On a lateral radiograph the cranial lobar vessels are easiest to see on ____ lateral rad. Vessels extend _______ from the base of the heart. Vessels are located _____ to the treachea with the right pair posistioned ____ to the left pair. Caudal arteries and veins cannot be ________ on lateral rads.
left
cranioventrally (forward toward head and down toward chest)
ventral
ventral
differentiated
On lateral rads- the left main pulmonary artery is often visible as a ____ soft tissue opacity _____ to the tracheal bifurcation. The right main pulmonary artery commonly presents ___-___ as rounded, soft tissue opacities _____ to the tracheal bifurcation.
curved
dorsal
end-on
ventral
On DV/VD rads- the caudal vessels are easiest to see on ____ rads. They extend ______ from midcardiac region, gradually tapering into the periphery. Often visible over the _____ ______ and diapharam. Left caudal pulmonary artery extends beyond the left caudal boarder at ____ o’clock position. The right caudal pulmonary artery extends beyond the right cardiac boarder at the __ o’clock position.
DV
caudolaterally (toward tail and out to chest wall)
cardiac sihhouette
4 o’clock
8 o’clock
DV/VD rads- Vessel widths should not exceed the width of the ___ rib where the vessel and the rib cross. The summated rib plus vessel should be a ____ -shape. Arteries are located ____ to veins. Pulmonary veins may be visible as they enter the ____ over the heart base. Cranial pulmonary vessels are not well visualized on _____ VD/DV rads.
9th
square
lateral
atria
survey
Causes for enlarged pulmonary lobar arteries?
PDA- patenet ductus arteriosis (pulomonary over ciruclation)
pulmonary hypertension-
HW dz
Causes for enlarged caudal vena cava?
Right heart fail
