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Thorax > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Definition and boarders of the Mediastinum

A
  • Central space in thoracic cavity - Bordered on either side by pleura, ventrally by sternum, and dorsally by spine.
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2
Q

What defines the throacic inlet?

A

1st pair of ribs to diaphram

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3
Q

Mediastinum is ______ (incomplete) in most dogs and cats.

A

fenestrated

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4
Q

The heart divides the mediastinum into 3 divisions which are? But for descriptive purposes, the mediastinum is divided into _____ and _____.

A
  1. Cranial- b/t thoracic inlet and heart 2. Middle- contains heart 3. Caudal- b/t heart and diaphragm 4. Dorsal (above the trachea) an open space above the mid line 5. Ventral (below the trachea) is positioned to left of mid line
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5
Q

What are the structures normally visible on a survey radiograph in the mediastinum?

A

TACO H 1. Trechea 2. Aorta 3. Caudal Vena Cava 4. Occasional esophagus and thymus 5. Heart

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6
Q

The only mediastinal structure located in the right hemithorax is?

A

Caudal vena cava

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7
Q

Crainal mediastinal lymphnodes are located adjacent to _____ _____ and ____ to _____.

They vary in ____ and _____.

They receive lymphatics from neck, ______, heart, _____, esophagus, _____ and thoracic ____.

A

large blood vessels and ventral to treacha.

size an dnumber

neck, abdomen , heart, esophagus, theymus and thoracic wall.

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8
Q

Sternal LN are located in the ______ or ______, dorsal to ___ and ___ strnebrae.

Usually only ___ or ___ LN in dogs and ___ in cats.

Receive lymphatics from the ______

A

cranioventral mediastinum 2nd and 3rd

1 or 2 , 1

abdomen

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9
Q

Tracheobronchial (hilar) LN are located lateral to _____ ____ at the tracheal _______.

They receive lymphatics from _____ and _____

A

mainstem brochi bifuracation

lungs and bronchi

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10
Q

Caudal mediastinal LN are located between ____ and ____ near esophagus and _____ to caudal vena cava.

They are _____ enlarged and are not _____ on radiographs.

A

heart and diaphram dorsal

rarely visible

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11
Q

Thymus. On VD rads, appears as triagnular-shape, soft tissue opacity in cranial mediastinal reflection, pointing ____ and ____. (Commonly called the “____ ____”)

On lateral rads, the thymus appears as an ill-defined, soft tissue opacitiy in ____ _____ ____. (May partially obscure cranial border of cardiac silhouette).

A

left and caudally, cranial ventral mediastinum

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12
Q

Evaluating and reading thoracic films what is the flow?

A

A) Borders of the Thorax: chest wall , thoracic spine , sternum diaphragm, presence of thoracic limbs in the film

B) Heart: size ,shape

C) Great vessels: shape, size, opacity , Caudal vena cava , Aorta

D) Trachea: position and diameter

E) Tracheal carina

F) Bronchial tree

G) Pulmonary vessel: size, shape, position, opacity

H) Mediastinum: width, lateral shift and any abnormal density or masses

I) Lungs: increased or decreased opacities

J) Pleural cavities: only seen when they contain fluid or air

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13
Q

The ____ _____ muscles are located in the dorsal meidastinum, ____ to the spine, and extend from the neck into the thorax as smooth, bordered, ____ ____ opacity stuctures.

A

Longus coli ventral

soft tissue

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14
Q

The mediastinum may be displaced toward or away frrom disased side by ____ ____ ___ or gas.

A

unilateral pleural fluid

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15
Q

Causes of displacement of mediastinum TOWARD pathology:

A
  1. Lung collapse- (atelectasis) - Bronchial obstruction (FB, mass, mucus plug), Feline asthma (usually right middle lobe), recombancy (anesthesia, bebilitation, age), faulty intubation (endotracheal tube in one bronchus)
  2. Pain an dsplinting of thorax
  3. Thoracic wall trauma
  4. Lung lobe torsion, lobectomy

5, lung agenesis or hypoplasia

  1. Unilateral phernic nerve paralysia
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16
Q

Causes of displacement of mediastinum AWAY FROM pathology:

A
  1. Pulmonary mass
  2. Pleural mass
  3. Diaphragmatic hernia
  4. Unilateral tension pneumonthorax
  5. Severe unilateral pleural effusion
  6. Increased lung volume: emphysema, large or multiple pulmonary cyts
17
Q

Causes of DECREASED mediastinum opacity pathology:

A
  1. megaesophagus (congenital or aquired),
  2. Pneumomediastinum- penetrating truma to neck or oral cavity (bite wounds)
  3. Intertitial emphysema (air dissects through lung to reach hilus and enter mediastinal space) trauma, severe dyspnea (exaggerated respiratory efferts), rupture bulla, bleb or cavitary lsion
  4. Iatrogenic- jugular venipuncture, faulty intubation or overly distended tracheal cuff, neck sx, TTW or aspirate, trachiostomy
  5. Trecheal/esophageal rupture
18
Q

INCREASED opacity of the mediastinum (usually seen with widening):

A
  1. Mineralizatoin (esphageal, LN, FB, Nodular fat necrosis, aortic calcification, aoritc valve calcification, superimposition of stuructures)
19
Q

General widening of mediastinum (often with increased opacity)

A
  1. obesity MOST COMMON
  2. Megaesophagus
  3. Inflammation - Trauma, treacheal/esophageal rupture, Infection (FIP), Pleuritis, Pneumonia
  4. Fluid - hemorrhage, transudate, chyle
  5. Edema- CHF, hypoproteinemia, trauma, neoplasia
20
Q

Crainoventral widening of mediastinum

A
  1. tumor- lymphoma, thymoma, malignant histocytosis, ectopic thyroid or parathyroid tumor, fibrosarcoma
  2. Thymus - dog less than 6m, cat less than 2 years
  3. Branchial cyst
  4. hematoma (trauma, coagulopathy, neoplasia, spirocerocosis)
  5. Abscess or granuloma (FB)
  6. Sternal lymphadenopathy- peritoneal dz, mediastinal infection (bacterial or mycotic)
21
Q

Crainodorsal widening of mediastinum

A
  1. Megaesophagus (vascular ring anomly, general megaesophaus)
  2. Esophageal mass (FB, abscess, granuloma, tumor)
  3. Extopic thymoma
  4. Absces/granuloma
  5. Vertebral lesion- neoplasia, osteomlitis, severe spondylosis
  6. Adjacent tumor - nerogenic tumor, hemangiosarcoma
  7. aortic aneurysem (rare- Spirocerca lupi)
22
Q

Hilar or perihilar mediastinal masses

A
  1. Hilar lymphadennopathy (neoplasia, mycotic infection, granulomatosis)
  2. Heart based tumor (chemodectorma)
  3. Esophageal mass (FB, abscess, granuloma, tumor)
23
Q

Caudal mediastinal mass:

A
  1. Esophageal mass- (FB, tumor, granuloma/absecss, diverticulum, gastroesphageal intussusception)
  2. Hital hernia
  3. Mass on diaphram
  4. Granuloma or abscess in mediastinum
  5. mediastinal cyst
24
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

The thyroid gland is lateral and slightly ventral to the fifth to eighth cartilage rings.

25
Q

Functional _____ _____ _____is common along the trachea, thoracic inlet, mediastinum, and thoracic portion of the descending aorta.

A

accessory thyroid tissue

Thorax (26 decks)

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